بایگانی‌های 1989 - صفحه 2 از 3 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان

Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots

by Ronald Arkin

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Subject: Autonomous Robots - Moral And Ethical Aspects, Military Ethics, Military Robots - Moral And Ethical Aspects, Robotics - Military Applications,

Expounding on the results of the author’s work with the US Army Research Office, DARPA, the Office of Naval Research, and various defense industry contractors, Governing Lethal Behavior in Autonomous Robots explores how to produce an “artificial conscience” in a new class of robots, humane-oids, which are robots that can potentially perform more ethically than humans in the battlefield. The author examines the philosophical basis, motivation, theory, and design recommendations for the implementation of an ethical control and reasoning system in autonomous robot systems, taking into account the Laws of War and Rules of Engagement. The book presents robot architectural design recommendations for Post facto suppression of unethical behavior, Behavioral design that incorporates ethical constraints from the onset, The use of affective functions as an adaptive component in the event of unethical action, and A mechanism that identifies and advises operators regarding their ultimate responsibility for the deployment of autonomous systems. It also examines why soldiers fail in battle regarding ethical decisions; discusses the opinions of the public, researchers, policymakers, and military personnel on the use of lethality by autonomous systems; provides examples that illustrate autonomous systems? ethical use of force; and includes relevant Laws of War. Helping ensure that warfare is conducted justly with the advent of autonomous robots, this book shows that the first steps toward creating robots that not only conform to international law but outperform human soldiers in their ethical capacity are within reach in the future. It supplies the motivation, philosophy, formalisms, representational requirements, architectural design criteria, recommendations, and test scenarios to design and construct an autonomous robotic system capable of ethically using lethal force. Ron Arkin was quoted in a November 2010 New York Times article about robots in the military.

Objectivity in Law and Morals

by Brian Leiter

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Subject: Law, Law - Philosophy, Law And Ethics,

“The seven original essays, written by some of the world’s most distinguished moral and legal philosophers, bring a sophisticated philosophical perspective to bear on issues about the objectivity of legal interpretation and judicial decision making. They examine the intersection between objectivity in ethics and objectivity in law in the positivist and natural law traditions, and they develop a variety of approaches, constructive and critical, to the fundamental problems about the objectivity of morality. One of the key issues explored is that of the alleged “domain-specificity” of conceptions of objectivity, that is, whether there is a conception of objectivity, appropriate for ethics that is different in kind from the conception of objectivity appropriate for the sciences and other domains.”–BOOK JACKET.

A SHORT HISTORY of Ethics

by Alasdair MacIntyre

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Subject: Ethics, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy,

Widely acknowledged to be the perfect introduction to the subject, this important text presents in concise form an insightful yet exceptionally complete history of moral philosophy in the West, from the Greeks to contemporary times.

Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View

by Christine Swanton

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Subject: Ethics, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General, Virtue,

Christine Swanton offers a new, comprehensive theory of virtue ethics which addresses the major concerns of modern ethical theory from a character-based perspective. Discussion of many problems in moral theory, such as moral constraints, rightness of action, the good life, the demandingness ofethics, the role of the subjective, and the practicality of ethics, has been dominated by Kantian and Consequentialist theories, with their own distinctive conceptual apparatus. Virtue Ethics shows how a different framework can shed new light on these intractable issues. Swanton’s approach is distinctive in departing in siginificant ways from classical versions of virtue ethics derived primarily from Aristotle. Employing insights from Nietzsche and other sources, she argues against both eudaimonistic virtue ethics and traditional virtue ethical conceptions ofrightness. In developing a pluralistic view, she shows how different ‘modes of moral acknowledgement’ such as love, respect, appreciation, and creativity, are embedded in the very fabric of virtue, the moral life, and the good life.

WHY LEADERS LIE

by John J. Mearsheimer

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Subject: International Relations, International Relations - Moral And Ethical Aspects, Political Ethics,

For more than two decades, John J. Mearsheimer has been regarded as one of the foremost realist thinkers on foreign policy. Clear and incisive, a fearlessly honest analyst, his coauthored 2007 New York Times bestseller, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, aroused a firestorm with its unflinching look at the making of America’s Middle East policy. Now he takes a look at another controversial but understudied aspect of international relations: lying.In Why Leaders Lie, Mearsheimer provides the first systematic analysis of lying as a tool of statecraft, identifying the varieties, the reasons, and the potential costs and benefits. Drawing on a trove of examples, he argues that leaders often lie for good strategic reasons, so a blanket condemnation is unrealistic and unwise. Yet there are other kinds of deception besides lying, including concealment and spinning. Perhaps no distinction is more important than that between lying to another state and lying to one’s own people. Mearsheimer was amazed to discover how unusual interstate lying has been; given the atmosphere of distrust among the great powers, he found that outright deceit is difficult to pull off and thus rarely worth the effort. Plus it sometimes backfires when it does occur. Khrushchev lied about the size of the Soviet missile force, sparking an American build-up. Eisenhower got caught lying about U-2 spy flights in 1960, which scuttled an upcoming summit with Krushchev. Leaders more often mislead their own publics, sometimes with damaging consequences. Though the reasons may be noble–Franklin Roosevelt, for example, lied to the American people about German U-boats attacking the destroyer Greer in 1940, to build a case for war against Hitler–they can easily lead to disaster, as with the Bush administration’s falsehoods about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction. There has never been a full discussion of international lying. Now a leading expert fills the gap with a richly informed and powerfully argued book.

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Петер Л. Бергер 1913-200 Moore Barrington 19940329d1993 M. Y0frey50 Ba 20070713d2007 M. Y0frey0103 Ba 20171023d2017 K. Y0frey50 Ba A. Campbell Garnett A. John Simmons A. Marciano A. Montefiore A. Peczenik A. Peperzak A. Phillips Griffiths A. Sen A.C. Grayling A.E. Taylor A.J. Ayer A.K. Rogers A.R.C. Duncan A.W. Moore A.W. Musschenga Aaron Ben-Ze'ev Aaron Garrett Aaron Quinn Aaron Zimmerman Aaronette M. White Abdul Fadl Mohsin Ebrahim Abdulaziz Sachedina Abraham J. Twerski MD Abrol Fairweather Adam Ferguson Adam Morton Adam Smith Adam Thierer Adam Zachary Newton Adolf Wuttke Adrian Beard Adrian Henriques Adrian Thatcher Adrian Walsh Agusti Cerrillo Aisha Lemu Ajay Kumar Al-Rahman.Abd al-Salam, Samiyah Abd Aladdin M. Yaqub Alain Badiou Alan A. Block Alan Cruse Alan D. Schrift Alan Goldman Alan H. Goldman Alan Jean Nelson Alan L. Mittleman Alan Lawton Alan Marzilli Alan Millar Alan Rosenthal Alan Thomas Alan Wolfe Alasdair C. MacIntyre Alasdair MacIntyre Albert Borgmann Albert Leffingwell Albert Pike Albert R. Jonsen Albert Schweitzer Alberto Corsin Jimenez Albino Barrera Aldert Vrij Aleister Crowley Alejo Jose G. Sison Aleksi Kuokkanen Alessandro Ferrara Alessandro Giovannelli Alex Byrne Alex J. Bellamy Alex Miller Alex Pattakos Alexander Bain Alexander Broadie Alexander Grant Alexander Lucie-Smith Alexander McCall Smith Alexander Moseley Alexander Rosenberg Alexander Skutch Alfred Allan Alfred Bellebaum Alfred R. Mele Alfreda Dudley Ali Rattansi alice crary Aline H. Kalbian Alison Adam Alison Assiter Alison Hills Alison M. Jaggar Alison Stone Alistair Edwards Allan Edward Barsky Allan Gibbard Allen Buchanan Allen E. Buchanan Allen Verhey Allen W. Wood Almut Beringer Aloysius Martinich Alvin Goldman Alvin I. Goldman Alvin Plantinga Amanda Russell Beattie Amartya Sen Amber Esping Amelie Rorty Amihud Gilead Amina Memon Ammar Rayes Amos Tversky Amy DeRogatis Amyn B. Sajoo Ana Marta Gonzâalez Ana S. Iltis Ana Smith Iltis Anandi Hattiangadi Anatol Rapoport and Medicine Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences Research Andreas Føllesdal Andreas Follesdal Andrew Bernstein Andrew Collier andrew dole Andrew Fisher Andrew G. Fiala Andrew Gibson Andrew I. Cohen Andrew Petersen Andrew Sneddon Andrews Reath Andy Miah Angelo Mazzocco Angus Dawson Angus Ritchie Anita M. Superson Anitta Kynsilehto Ann Farrell Ann Lathrop Ann Marie Mealey Anna Akasoy Anna Alexandrova Anna L. Peterson Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka Anne Campbell Anne Innis Dagg Anne J. Davis Anne Maclean Anne Margaret Baxley Anne Rowe Anne Thomson Anne W. Rowthorn Anne-Maree Farrell Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter Annette Baier Annette Barnes Annie Wood Besant Anscombe Anthony Ashley Cooper of Shaftesbury Anthony Bash Anthony Dyson Anthony Giddens Anthony Kenny Anthony O'Hear Anthony Weston DIMOCK Antonia Macaro Antonio S. Cua Ao Rorty Ara Paul Barsam Archibald B.D. Alexander Arda Denkel Ariel Colonomos Aristotelian Society Aristotle Arne Johan Vetlesen Arne Næss Arne Naess Arnold Geulincx Arnold Goldberg Arthur Brooks Arthur Glyn Leonard Arthur Isak Applbaum Arthur S.M. Lim Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur W. Galston Arthur W.H. Adkins Arto Laitinen Asbjorn Gronstad Ash William Ashley Ward Ashly Pinnington Asveld Aubrey Neal Aurora Plomer Austin Sarat Avicenna Avishai Margalit Axel Honneth Ayman Shihadeh B. Andrew Lustig B. Bosanquet B. Judd B.A. Lustig Bailey Baird Banks McDowell Baqari, Ahmad Mahir Barbara Herman Barbara Katz Rothman Barbara Killinger Ph.d Barbro Björkman Barrow Barry Emslie Barry Maher Barry Monk Barry Schwartz Bartha Maria Knoppers Basil Mitchell Bebhinn Donnelly Beirne Ann Ben A. Rich Ben Mepham Benda Hofmeyr Benedetto Croce Benedict de Spinoza Benedict Smith Benedictus de Spinoza Benjamin Franks Benjamin R. Tilghman Benjamin Rand Bernard Arthur Owen Williams Bernard Berofsky Bernard Bolzano Bernard Bosanquet Bernard E. Rollin PhD Bernard Gert Bernard Hoose Bernard Mandeville Bernard Reginster Bernard Rollin Bernard Williams Bernd Wannenwetsch Bertram F. Malle Bertrand Russell Berys Gaut Bethany Spielman Betty Jane Wagner Beverley Searle Bicchieri Cristina Bill Hybels Bill Ong Hing Black Bob Bob Brecher Bob Murray Bob Plant Bongsoon Zubay Bonnie Steinbock Brad Frazier Brad Hooker Brad Inwood Brent Lovelock Brian Carr Brian Christian Brian Duignan Brian Hutchinson Brian Leiter Brian M. Barry Brian P. Copenhaver Brian Skyrms Brian Zahnd British Medical Association Brooke Noel Moore Brooks Brown Montague Bruc Macfarlane Bruce Allsopp Bruce E. Johansen Bruce Morito Bruce N. Waller Bryan Frances Bryan Van Norden Bulkeley Kelly Burke Anthony Burkhard Reis Burton Frederick Porter Bw Wah Byers Sarah Catherine C. Daniel Batson C. Edwin Baker C. Gowans C. Hirschkind C. Keans C. Ransley C. Richard Cothern C. Robert Mesle C. Stephen Evans C. Taylor C. Wilks C.A.J. Coady C.D. Broad C.D.C. Reeve C.G. Prado C.J. Misak C.W. Welch Cahn Carl B. Klockars Carl Ginet Carl Knight Carl Mitcham Carl Thoresen Carl Wellman Carlo Natali Carlos J. Moya Carlos Moya Carlos R. Cordourier Real Carol Bly Carol Gilligan Carol Isaacson Barash Carol Mann Simpson Carol Rovane Carol Simpson Carol W. Lewis Carol W. Voeller Caroline Whitbeck Carroll Carsten Fink Cary Nelson Castaneda, Hector-Neri Cathal J. Nolan Catherine Chalier Catherine Claire Larson Catherine Russell Catherine Seville Catherine Wilson Catriona McKinnon Cecily A. Raiborn Celia Deane-Drummond Cento G. Veljanovski Chaim Gans Charlene P.E. Burns Charles Byrns Fleddermann Charles C. Hinkley Charles E. Curran Charles E. Larmore Charles Foster Charles Frederick D'Arcy Charles Fried Charles H. Patterson Charles Keith Maisels Charles Kimball Charles L. Griswold Charles L. Stevenson Charles Landesman Charles Larmore Charles Leslie Stevenson Charles R. Beitz Charles R. Pigden Charles Selengut Charles T. 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