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Governments, health professionals, patients, research institutions, and research subjects look to bioethicists for guidance in making important decisions about medical treatment and research. And yet, argues Jonathan Baron in Against Bioethics, applied bioethics lacks the authority of a coherent guiding theory and is based largely on intuitive judgments. Baron proposes an alternative, arguing that bioethics could have a coherent theory based on utilitarianism and decision analysis. Utilitarianism holds that the best option is the one that does the most expected good. Decision analysis provides a way of thinking about the risks and trade-offs of specific options. Like economics, utilitarian decision analysis makes predictions of expected good in complex situations, using data when possible, and focusing human judgment on the issues relevant to consequences. With such a guiding theory, bioethics would never yield decisions that clearly go against the expected good of those involved, as some do now. Baron discusses issues in bioethics that can be illuminated by such analysis, including “enhancements” to nature in the form of genetics, drugs, and mind control; reproduction; death and end-of-life issues, including advance directives, euthanasia, and organ donation; coercion and consent; conflict of interest and the reform of internal review boards; and drug research. Although Baron opposes current practice in bioethics, he argues that by combining utilitarianism and decision analysis, bioethics can achieve its aims of providing authoritative guidance in resolving thorny medical and ethical issues.
Introduction.Part I: Philosophy of Language.1. On Sense and Reference. (Gottlob Frege).2. Thought. (Gottlob Frege).3. On Denoting. (Bertrand Russell).4. On Referring. (P. F. Strawson).5. Meaning. (H. P. Grice).6. Truth and Meaning. (Donald Davidson).7. Identity and Necessity. (Saul Kripke).8. Meaning and Reference. (Hilary Putnam).Further Reading in Philosophy of Language.Part II: Metaphysics.9. On the Relations of Universals and Particulars. (Bertrand Russell).10. From the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).11. Particular and General. (P. F. Strawson).12. On What There Is. (W. V. Quine).13. The Identity of Indiscernibles. (Max Black).Further Reading in Metaphysics.Part III: Epistemology.14. Four Forms of Skepticism. (G. E. Moore).15. From On Certainty. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).16. Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description. (Bertrand Russell).17. The Problem of the Criterion. (Roderick Chisholm).18. Is Knowledge Justified True Belief? (Edmund Gettier).19. Aspects of Scientific Explanation. (Carl Hempel).20. The New Riddle of Induction. (Nelson Goodman).21. Epistemology Naturalized. (W. V. Quine).Further Reading in Epistemology.Part IV: Philosophy of Mind.22. The Nature of Mind. (David Armstrong).23. The Nature of Mental States. (Hilary Putnam).24. Mental Events. (Donald Davidson).25. What is it Like to Be a Bat? (Thomas Nagel).26. Mad Pain and Martian Pain. (David Lewis).27. Can Computers Think? (John Searle).Further Reading in Philosophy of Mind.Part V: Freedom and Personal Identity.28. The Conceivability of Mechanism. (Norman Malcolm).29. Freedom and Resentment. (P. F. Strawson).30. Human Freedom and the Self. (Roderick Chisholm).31. The Self and the Future. (Bernard Williams).32. Action, Reasons, and Causes. (Donald Davidson).Further Reading in Freedom and Personal Identity.Part VI: Ethics.33. The Subject Matter of Ethics. (G. E. Moore).34. The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms. (C. L. Stevenson).35. Justice as Fairness. (John Rawls).36. Modern Moral Philosophy. (G. E. M. Anscombe).37. Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives. (Philippa Foot).Further Reading in Ethics.Part VII: Methodology.38. The Notion of Analysis in Moore’s Philosophy. (C. H. Langford).39. Reply to Langford. (G. E. Moore).40. The Elimination of Metaphysics. (A. J. Ayer).41. Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. (Rudolf Carnap).42. A Plea for Excuses. (J. L. Austin).43. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. (W. V. Quine).44. In Defense of a Dogma. (H. P. Grice and P. F. Strawson.45. Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man. (Wilfrid Sellars).46. From The Blue and the Brown Books. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).Further Reading in Methodology.Index.
When does a person qualify for protected and continuing life? At a time when technology can sustain marginal life, it is ever more important to understand what constitutes a person. What are the medical, ethical, mental, legal, and philosophical criteria that determine protectable human life? By providing a much-needed religious/philosophical context for the discussion – examining contemporary thinking on just what constitutes valuable life – Walters broadens his inquiry beyond the human to include other animals and also deals with the phenomenon of anencephalic infants, those who are born without higher brains. Searching for a measurable and humane standard of personhood, Walters looks at its current definition and declares it inadequate. He offers instead the idea of proximate personhood, with criteria for helping to determine which individuals possess a unique claim to life.
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جشن کتاب تهران به ایستگاه سی و یکم رسیده است. حال و احوال نشر کتاب خوب نیست و باید فرهنگدوستان را به خرید و هدیه دادن کتاب ترغیب نمود. خانه اخلاقپژوهان جوان ب...
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