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To be responsible for their acts, agents must both perform those acts voluntarily and in some sense know what they are doing. Of these requirements, the voluntariness condition has been much discussed, but the epistemic condition has received far less attention. In Who Knew? George Sher seeks to rectify that imbalance. The book is divided in two halves, the first of which criticizes a popular but inadequate way of understanding the epistemic condition, while the second seeks to develop a more adequate alternative. It is often assumed that agents are responsible only for what they are aware of doing or bringing about–that their responsibility extends only as far as the searchlight of their consciousness. The book criticizes this “searchlight view” on two main grounds: first, that it is inconsistent with our attributions of responsibility to a broad range of agents who should but do not realize that they are acting wrongly or foolishly, and, second, that the view is not independently defensible. The book’s positive view construes the crucial relation between an agent and his failure to recognize the wrongness or foolishness of what he is doing in causal terms: the agent is responsible when, and because, his failure to respond to his reasons for believing that he is acting wrongly or foolishly has its origins in the same constitutive psychology that generally does render him reason-responsive.
The book is a critical review of accountability conducted under the authority of the United Nations Security Council, by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), and the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). It is centred on two case studies: the 1999 events in Rwanda, which constituted genocide, “the crime of crimes”, and the 1999 mayhem in East Timor. The books subjects to testing cross-examination tools to hold accountable persons with “the greatest responsibility” for serious international humanitarian law violations.A detailed expose is made of conspiracy to commit genocide. Comparison is also made whether joint criminal enterprise, and the forms of co-perpetration embodied in the Statute of the International Criminal Court provide effective alternatives in the case of atrocity crimes. A unique aspect of the book is its high-light of lessons learn in prosecution strategies; approaches in profiling perpetrators, particularly those with the highest level of responsibility for international humanitarian law violations; victor’s justice; superior responsibility; guilty pleas, and the effectiveness of the East Timor and the Indonesian Ad Hoc Human Rights Court processes. In the final analysis, the book offers a Matrix on Accountability.
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