بایگانی‌های 617 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان

“Relativism is one of philosophy’s oldest — and most polarizing — concepts. It has captivated thinkers since the days of Protagoras (who supported the notion) and Plato (who did not). Relativism is assailed by popes as leading people away from absolute religious truths, and blamed by social commentators for many of society’s ills. With a few notable exceptions, 20th-century philosophers grew to dismiss relativism as an obviously mistaken or even self-refuting concept. But in the past decade, even its staunchest philosophical critics have come to realize that relativism is a legitimate option for explaining a variety of phenomena, including faultless disagreement, the utility of alternative logics, varieties of cross-cultural moralities, and differing ontological conceptual schemes. Reflecting this overdue reappraisal, A Companion to Relativism presents the latest thinking on the role of relativism in the philosophy of language, epistemology, ethics, philosophy of science, logic, and metaphysics. Original contributions to this volume feature cutting edge thinking from a variety of eminent scholars who approach relativism from various perspectives and philosophical subfields”–

Reasons from Within

by Alan Goldman

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Subject: Desire, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Emotions,

Do the reasons we have for acting as we do derive from our concerns and desires, or are there objective values in the world that we are rationally required to pursue and protect? Alan Goldman argues for the internalist or subjectivist view of practical reasons on the grounds that it is simpler, more unified, and more comprehensible than the rival objectivist position. He provides a naturalistic account of practical rationality in terms of coherence within sets of desires or motivational states, and between motivations, intentions, and actions. Coherence is defined as the avoidance of self-defeat, the defeat of one’s own deepest concerns. The demand for coherence underlies both practical and theoretical reason and derives from the natural aims of belief and action. In clarifying which desires create reasons, drawing on the literature of cognitive psychology, Goldman offers conceptual analyses of desires, emotions, and attitudes. Reasons are seen to derive ultimately from our deepest occurrent concerns. These concerns require no reasons themselves but provide reasons for many more superficial desires. In defense of this theory, Goldman argues that rational agents need not be morally motivated or concerned for their narrow self-interest. Objective values would demand such concern. They would be independent of our desires but would provide reasons for us to pursue and protect them. They would require rational agents to be motivated by them. But, Goldman argues, we are not motivated in that way, and it makes no sense to demand that our informed and coherent desires be generally other than they are. We need not appeal to such objective values in order to explain how our lives can be good and meaningful. Reasons from Within will appeal to anyone interested in the nature of values and reasons, particularly students of philosophy, psychology, and decision theory.

Reclaiming The History Of Ethics

by Andrews Reath

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Subject: Ethics, Ethics - History, Philosophy, Political Science,

The essays in this volume offer an approach to the history of moral and political philosophy that takes its inspiration from John Rawls. The distinctive feature of this approach is to address substantive normative questions in moral and political philosophy through an analysis of the texts and theories of major figures in the history of the subject: Aristotle, Hobbes, Hume, Rousseau, Kant, and Marx. By reconstructing the core of these theories in a way that is informed by contemporary theoretical concerns, the contributors show how the history of the subject is a resource for understanding present and perennial problems in moral and political philosophy.

Thinking About Acting Logical Foundations For Rational Decision Making

by John L. Pollock

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Subject: Decidability (Mathematical Logic), Induction (Logic), Probabilities, Statistical Decision,

John Pollock aims to construct a theory of rational decision making for real agents–not ideal agents. Real agents have limited cognitive powers, but traditional theories of rationality have applied only to idealized agents that lack such constraints. Pollock argues that theories of ideal rationality are largely irrelevant to the decision making of real agents. Thinking about Acting aims to provide a theory of “real rationality.”

Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research (Bioethics and the Humanities)

by William R. LaFleur

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Subject: Bioethical Issues, History, 20th Century, Human Experimentation - Ethics, Human Experimentation - History,

The trial of the “German doctors” exposed atrocities of Nazi medical science and led to the Nuremberg Code governing human experimentation. In Japan, Unit 731 carried out hideous experiments on captured Chinese and downed American pilots. In the United States, stories linger of biological experimentation during the Korean War. This collection of essays looks at the dark medical research conducted during and after World War II. Contributors describe this research, how it was brought to light, and the rationalizations of those who perpetrated and benefited from it.

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Петер Л. Бергер 1913-200 Moore Barrington 19940329d1993 M. Y0frey50 Ba 20070713d2007 M. Y0frey0103 Ba 20171023d2017 K. Y0frey50 Ba A. Campbell Garnett A. John Simmons A. Marciano A. Montefiore A. Peczenik A. Peperzak A. Phillips Griffiths A. Sen A.C. Grayling A.E. Taylor A.J. Ayer A.K. Rogers A.R.C. Duncan A.W. Moore A.W. Musschenga Aaron Ben-Ze'ev Aaron Garrett Aaron Quinn Aaron Zimmerman Aaronette M. White Abdul Fadl Mohsin Ebrahim Abdulaziz Sachedina Abraham J. Twerski MD Abrol Fairweather Adam Ferguson Adam Morton Adam Smith Adam Thierer Adam Zachary Newton Adolf Wuttke Adrian Beard Adrian Henriques Adrian Thatcher Adrian Walsh Agusti Cerrillo Aisha Lemu Ajay Kumar Al-Rahman.Abd al-Salam, Samiyah Abd Aladdin M. Yaqub Alain Badiou Alan A. Block Alan Cruse Alan D. Schrift Alan Goldman Alan H. Goldman Alan Jean Nelson Alan L. Mittleman Alan Lawton Alan Marzilli Alan Millar Alan Rosenthal Alan Thomas Alan Wolfe Alasdair C. MacIntyre Alasdair MacIntyre Albert Borgmann Albert Leffingwell Albert Pike Albert R. Jonsen Albert Schweitzer Alberto Corsin Jimenez Albino Barrera Aldert Vrij Aleister Crowley Alejo Jose G. Sison Aleksi Kuokkanen Alessandro Ferrara Alessandro Giovannelli Alex Byrne Alex J. Bellamy Alex Miller Alex Pattakos Alexander Bain Alexander Broadie Alexander Grant Alexander Lucie-Smith Alexander McCall Smith Alexander Moseley Alexander Rosenberg Alexander Skutch Alfred Allan Alfred Bellebaum Alfred R. Mele Alfreda Dudley Ali Rattansi alice crary Aline H. Kalbian Alison Adam Alison Assiter Alison Hills Alison M. Jaggar Alison Stone Alistair Edwards Allan Edward Barsky Allan Gibbard Allen Buchanan Allen E. Buchanan Allen Verhey Allen W. Wood Almut Beringer Aloysius Martinich Alvin Goldman Alvin I. Goldman Alvin Plantinga Amanda Russell Beattie Amartya Sen Amber Esping Amelie Rorty Amihud Gilead Amina Memon Ammar Rayes Amos Tversky Amy DeRogatis Amyn B. Sajoo Ana Marta Gonzâalez Ana S. Iltis Ana Smith Iltis Anandi Hattiangadi Anatol Rapoport and Medicine Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences Research Andreas Føllesdal Andreas Follesdal Andrew Bernstein Andrew Collier andrew dole Andrew Fisher Andrew G. Fiala Andrew Gibson Andrew I. Cohen Andrew Petersen Andrew Sneddon Andrews Reath Andy Miah Angelo Mazzocco Angus Dawson Angus Ritchie Anita M. Superson Anitta Kynsilehto Ann Farrell Ann Lathrop Ann Marie Mealey Anna Akasoy Anna Alexandrova Anna L. Peterson Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka Anne Campbell Anne Innis Dagg Anne J. Davis Anne Maclean Anne Margaret Baxley Anne Rowe Anne Thomson Anne W. Rowthorn Anne-Maree Farrell Anne-Marie Mooney Cotter Annette Baier Annette Barnes Annie Wood Besant Anscombe Anthony Ashley Cooper of Shaftesbury Anthony Bash Anthony Dyson Anthony Giddens Anthony Kenny Anthony O'Hear Anthony Weston DIMOCK Antonia Macaro Antonio S. Cua Ao Rorty Ara Paul Barsam Archibald B.D. Alexander Arda Denkel Ariel Colonomos Aristotelian Society Aristotle Arne Johan Vetlesen Arne Næss Arne Naess Arnold Geulincx Arnold Goldberg Arthur Brooks Arthur Glyn Leonard Arthur Isak Applbaum Arthur S.M. Lim Arthur Schopenhauer Arthur W. Galston Arthur W.H. Adkins Arto Laitinen Asbjorn Gronstad Ash William Ashley Ward Ashly Pinnington Asveld Aubrey Neal Aurora Plomer Austin Sarat Avicenna Avishai Margalit Axel Honneth Ayman Shihadeh B. Andrew Lustig B. Bosanquet B. Judd B.A. Lustig Bailey Baird Banks McDowell Baqari, Ahmad Mahir Barbara Herman Barbara Katz Rothman Barbara Killinger Ph.d Barbro Björkman Barrow Barry Emslie Barry Maher Barry Monk Barry Schwartz Bartha Maria Knoppers Basil Mitchell Bebhinn Donnelly Beirne Ann Ben A. Rich Ben Mepham Benda Hofmeyr Benedetto Croce Benedict de Spinoza Benedict Smith Benedictus de Spinoza Benjamin Franks Benjamin R. Tilghman Benjamin Rand Bernard Arthur Owen Williams Bernard Berofsky Bernard Bolzano Bernard Bosanquet Bernard E. Rollin PhD Bernard Gert Bernard Hoose Bernard Mandeville Bernard Reginster Bernard Rollin Bernard Williams Bernd Wannenwetsch Bertram F. Malle Bertrand Russell Berys Gaut Bethany Spielman Betty Jane Wagner Beverley Searle Bicchieri Cristina Bill Hybels Bill Ong Hing Black Bob Bob Brecher Bob Murray Bob Plant Bongsoon Zubay Bonnie Steinbock Brad Frazier Brad Hooker Brad Inwood Brent Lovelock Brian Carr Brian Christian Brian Duignan Brian Hutchinson Brian Leiter Brian M. Barry Brian P. Copenhaver Brian Skyrms Brian Zahnd British Medical Association Brooke Noel Moore Brooks Brown Montague Bruc Macfarlane Bruce Allsopp Bruce E. Johansen Bruce Morito Bruce N. Waller Bryan Frances Bryan Van Norden Bulkeley Kelly Burke Anthony Burkhard Reis Burton Frederick Porter Bw Wah Byers Sarah Catherine C. Daniel Batson C. Edwin Baker C. Gowans C. Hirschkind C. Keans C. Ransley C. Richard Cothern C. Robert Mesle C. Stephen Evans C. Taylor C. Wilks C.A.J. Coady C.D. Broad C.D.C. Reeve C.G. Prado C.J. Misak C.W. Welch Cahn Carl B. Klockars Carl Ginet Carl Knight Carl Mitcham Carl Thoresen Carl Wellman Carlo Natali Carlos J. Moya Carlos Moya Carlos R. Cordourier Real Carol Bly Carol Gilligan Carol Isaacson Barash Carol Mann Simpson Carol Rovane Carol Simpson Carol W. Lewis Carol W. Voeller Caroline Whitbeck Carroll Carsten Fink Cary Nelson Castaneda, Hector-Neri Cathal J. Nolan Catherine Chalier Catherine Claire Larson Catherine Russell Catherine Seville Catherine Wilson Catriona McKinnon Cecily A. Raiborn Celia Deane-Drummond Cento G. Veljanovski Chaim Gans Charlene P.E. Burns Charles Byrns Fleddermann Charles C. Hinkley Charles E. Curran Charles E. Larmore Charles Foster Charles Frederick D'Arcy Charles Fried Charles H. Patterson Charles Keith Maisels Charles Kimball Charles L. Griswold Charles L. Stevenson Charles Landesman Charles Larmore Charles Leslie Stevenson Charles R. Beitz Charles R. Pigden Charles Selengut Charles T. 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A Companion to Relativism

by Steven D. Hales

Subject: Philosophy / Epistemology, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Metaphysics, Relativity,

Reasons from Within

by Alan Goldman

Subject: Desire, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Emotions,

Reclaiming The History Of Ethics

by Andrews Reath

Subject: Ethics, Ethics - History, Philosophy, Political Science,

Thinking About Acting Logical Foundations For Rational Decision Making

by John L. Pollock

Subject: Decidability (Mathematical Logic), Induction (Logic), Probabilities, Statistical Decision,

Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research (Bioethics and the Humanities)

by William R. LaFleur

Subject: Bioethical Issues, History, 20th Century, Human Experimentation - Ethics, Human Experimentation - History,

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پایش و پالایش جان، مرور انتقادی کتاب تزکیه النفس

محبوب‌ترین کتاب‌ها

A Companion to Relativism

by Steven D. Hales

Subject: Philosophy / Epistemology, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Metaphysics, Relativity,

Reasons from Within

by Alan Goldman

Subject: Desire, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Emotions,

Reclaiming The History Of Ethics

by Andrews Reath

Subject: Ethics, Ethics - History, Philosophy, Political Science,

Thinking About Acting Logical Foundations For Rational Decision Making

by John L. Pollock

Subject: Decidability (Mathematical Logic), Induction (Logic), Probabilities, Statistical Decision,

Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research (Bioethics and the Humanities)

by William R. LaFleur

Subject: Bioethical Issues, History, 20th Century, Human Experimentation - Ethics, Human Experimentation - History,

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