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Philosophers have long suspected that thought and discourse about what we ought to do differ in some fundamental way from statements about what is. But the difference has proved elusive, in part because the two kinds of statement look alike. Focusing on judgments that express decisions–judgments about what is to be done, all things considered–Allan Gibbard offers a compelling argument for reconsidering, and reconfiguring, the distinctions between normative and descriptive discourse–between questions of “ought” and “is.” Gibbard considers how our actions, and our realities, emerge from the thousands of questions and decisions we form for ourselves. The result is a book that investigates the very nature of the questions we ask ourselves when we ask how we should live, and that clarifies the concept of “ought” by understanding the patterns of normative concepts involved in beliefs and decisions. An original and elegant work of metaethics, this book brings a new clarity and rigor to the discussion of these tangled issues, and will significantly alter the long-standing debate over “objectivity” and “factuality” in ethics. Table of Contents: I. Preliminaries 1. Introduction: A Possibility Proof 2. Intuitionism as Template: Emending Moore II. The Thing to Do 3. Planning and Ruling Out: The “Frege-Geach” Problem 4. Judgment, Disagreement, Negation 5. Supervenience and Constitution 6. Character and Import III. Normative Concepts 7. Ordinary Oughts: Meaning and Motivation 8. Normative Kinds: Patterns of Engagement 9. What to Say about the Thing to Do: The Expressivistic Turn and What it Gains Us IV. Knowing What to Do 10. Explaining with Plans 11. Knowing What to Do 12. Ideal Response Concepts 13. Deep Vindication and Practical Confidence 14. Impasse and Dissent References Index This is a remarkable book. It takes up a central and much-discussed problem – the difference between normative thought (and discourse) and “descriptive” thought (and discourse). It develops a compelling response to that problem with ramifications for much else in philosophy. But perhaps most importantly, it brings new clarity and rigor to the discussion of these tangled issues. It will take some time to come to terms with the details of Gibbard’s discussion. It is absolutely clear, however, that the book will reconfigure the debate over objectivity and “factuality” in ethics.–Gideon Rosen, Professor of Philosophy, Princeton UniversityGibbard,/author> writes elegantly, and the theory he develops is innovative, philosophically sophisticated, and challenging. Gibbard defends his theory vigorously and with admirable intellectual honesty.–David Copp, Professor of Philosophy, Bowling Green State University
“The first of its kind, this cutting edge work of philosophical ethics makes a powerful case for the centrality of moral paradox. Presenting ten diverse and original moral paradoxes, the book challenges some of our deepest moral views. This innovative volume also asks whether the existence of moral paradox is damaging or beneficial, and explores more generally what paradoxicality can teach us about morality and life.”–BOOK JACKET.
Introduction.Part I: Philosophy of Language.1. On Sense and Reference. (Gottlob Frege).2. Thought. (Gottlob Frege).3. On Denoting. (Bertrand Russell).4. On Referring. (P. F. Strawson).5. Meaning. (H. P. Grice).6. Truth and Meaning. (Donald Davidson).7. Identity and Necessity. (Saul Kripke).8. Meaning and Reference. (Hilary Putnam).Further Reading in Philosophy of Language.Part II: Metaphysics.9. On the Relations of Universals and Particulars. (Bertrand Russell).10. From the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).11. Particular and General. (P. F. Strawson).12. On What There Is. (W. V. Quine).13. The Identity of Indiscernibles. (Max Black).Further Reading in Metaphysics.Part III: Epistemology.14. Four Forms of Skepticism. (G. E. Moore).15. From On Certainty. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).16. Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description. (Bertrand Russell).17. The Problem of the Criterion. (Roderick Chisholm).18. Is Knowledge Justified True Belief? (Edmund Gettier).19. Aspects of Scientific Explanation. (Carl Hempel).20. The New Riddle of Induction. (Nelson Goodman).21. Epistemology Naturalized. (W. V. Quine).Further Reading in Epistemology.Part IV: Philosophy of Mind.22. The Nature of Mind. (David Armstrong).23. The Nature of Mental States. (Hilary Putnam).24. Mental Events. (Donald Davidson).25. What is it Like to Be a Bat? (Thomas Nagel).26. Mad Pain and Martian Pain. (David Lewis).27. Can Computers Think? (John Searle).Further Reading in Philosophy of Mind.Part V: Freedom and Personal Identity.28. The Conceivability of Mechanism. (Norman Malcolm).29. Freedom and Resentment. (P. F. Strawson).30. Human Freedom and the Self. (Roderick Chisholm).31. The Self and the Future. (Bernard Williams).32. Action, Reasons, and Causes. (Donald Davidson).Further Reading in Freedom and Personal Identity.Part VI: Ethics.33. The Subject Matter of Ethics. (G. E. Moore).34. The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms. (C. L. Stevenson).35. Justice as Fairness. (John Rawls).36. Modern Moral Philosophy. (G. E. M. Anscombe).37. Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives. (Philippa Foot).Further Reading in Ethics.Part VII: Methodology.38. The Notion of Analysis in Moore’s Philosophy. (C. H. Langford).39. Reply to Langford. (G. E. Moore).40. The Elimination of Metaphysics. (A. J. Ayer).41. Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. (Rudolf Carnap).42. A Plea for Excuses. (J. L. Austin).43. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. (W. V. Quine).44. In Defense of a Dogma. (H. P. Grice and P. F. Strawson.45. Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man. (Wilfrid Sellars).46. From The Blue and the Brown Books. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).Further Reading in Methodology.Index.
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