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Awakening Warrior argues for a revolution in the ethics of warfare for the American War Machine – those political and military institutions that engage the world with physical force. Timothy L. Challans focuses on the systemic, institutional level of morality rather than bemoaning the moral shortcomings of individuals. He asks: What are the limits of individual moral agency? What kind of responsibility do individuals have when considering institutional moral error? How is it that neutral or benign moral actions performed by individuals can have such catastrophic morally negative effects from a systemic perspective? Drawing upon and extending the ethical theories of Kant, Dewey, and Rawls, Challans makes the case for an original set of moral principles to guide ethical action on the battlefield.
Introduction.Part I: Philosophy of Language.1. On Sense and Reference. (Gottlob Frege).2. Thought. (Gottlob Frege).3. On Denoting. (Bertrand Russell).4. On Referring. (P. F. Strawson).5. Meaning. (H. P. Grice).6. Truth and Meaning. (Donald Davidson).7. Identity and Necessity. (Saul Kripke).8. Meaning and Reference. (Hilary Putnam).Further Reading in Philosophy of Language.Part II: Metaphysics.9. On the Relations of Universals and Particulars. (Bertrand Russell).10. From the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).11. Particular and General. (P. F. Strawson).12. On What There Is. (W. V. Quine).13. The Identity of Indiscernibles. (Max Black).Further Reading in Metaphysics.Part III: Epistemology.14. Four Forms of Skepticism. (G. E. Moore).15. From On Certainty. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).16. Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description. (Bertrand Russell).17. The Problem of the Criterion. (Roderick Chisholm).18. Is Knowledge Justified True Belief? (Edmund Gettier).19. Aspects of Scientific Explanation. (Carl Hempel).20. The New Riddle of Induction. (Nelson Goodman).21. Epistemology Naturalized. (W. V. Quine).Further Reading in Epistemology.Part IV: Philosophy of Mind.22. The Nature of Mind. (David Armstrong).23. The Nature of Mental States. (Hilary Putnam).24. Mental Events. (Donald Davidson).25. What is it Like to Be a Bat? (Thomas Nagel).26. Mad Pain and Martian Pain. (David Lewis).27. Can Computers Think? (John Searle).Further Reading in Philosophy of Mind.Part V: Freedom and Personal Identity.28. The Conceivability of Mechanism. (Norman Malcolm).29. Freedom and Resentment. (P. F. Strawson).30. Human Freedom and the Self. (Roderick Chisholm).31. The Self and the Future. (Bernard Williams).32. Action, Reasons, and Causes. (Donald Davidson).Further Reading in Freedom and Personal Identity.Part VI: Ethics.33. The Subject Matter of Ethics. (G. E. Moore).34. The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms. (C. L. Stevenson).35. Justice as Fairness. (John Rawls).36. Modern Moral Philosophy. (G. E. M. Anscombe).37. Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives. (Philippa Foot).Further Reading in Ethics.Part VII: Methodology.38. The Notion of Analysis in Moore’s Philosophy. (C. H. Langford).39. Reply to Langford. (G. E. Moore).40. The Elimination of Metaphysics. (A. J. Ayer).41. Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. (Rudolf Carnap).42. A Plea for Excuses. (J. L. Austin).43. Two Dogmas of Empiricism. (W. V. Quine).44. In Defense of a Dogma. (H. P. Grice and P. F. Strawson.45. Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man. (Wilfrid Sellars).46. From The Blue and the Brown Books. (Ludwig Wittgenstein).Further Reading in Methodology.Index.
What if anything justifies us in believing the testimony of others? How should we react to disagreement between ourselves and our peers, and to disagreement among the experts when we ourselves are novices? Can beliefs be held by groups of people in addition to the people composing those groups? And if so, how should groups go about forming their beliefs? How should we design social systems, such as legal juries and scientific research-sharing schemes, to promote knowledge among the people who engage in them? When different groups of people judge different beliefs to be justified, how can we tell which groups are correct? These questions are at the heart of the vital discipline of social epistemology. The classic articles in this volume address these questions in ways that are both cutting-edge and easy to understand. This volume will be of great interest to scholars and students in epistemology.
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