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Situation Ethics: The New Morality (Library of Theological Ethics)

by Joseph F. Fletcher

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Subject: Philosophy,

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Following the Rules

by Joseph Heath

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Subject: Deontic Logic, Duty, Electronic Books, Ethics,

For centuries, philosophers have been puzzled by the fact that people often respect moral obligations as a matter of principle, setting aside considerations of self-interest. In more recent years, social scientists have been puzzled by the more general phenomenon of rule-following, the fact that people often abide by social norms even when doing so produces undesirable consequences. Experimental game theorists have demonstrated conclusively that the old-fashioned picture of “economic man,” constantly reoptimizing in order to maximize utility in all circumstances, cannot provide adequate foundations for a general theory of rational action. The dominant response, however, has been a slide toward irrationalism. If people are ignoring the consequences of their actions, it is claimed, it must be because they are making some sort of a mistake. In Following the Rules, Joseph Heath attempts to reverse this trend, by showing how rule-following can be understood as an essential element of rational action. The first step involves showing how rational choice theory can be modified to incorporate deontic constraint as a feature of rational deliberation. The second involves disarming the suspicion that there is something mysterious or irrational about the psychological states underlying rule-following. According to Heath, human rationality is a by-product of the so-called “language upgrade” that we receive as a consequence of the development of specific social practices. As a result, certain constitutive features of our social environment-such as the rule-governed structure of social life-migrate inwards, and become constitutive features of our psychological faculties. This in turn explains why there is an indissoluble bond between practical rationality and deontic constraint. In the end, what Heath offers is a naturalistic, evolutionary argument in favor of the traditional Kantian view that there is an internal connection between being a rational agent and feeling the force of one’s moral obligations.

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Notes on Aristotle’s “Nicomachean Ethics” (Cliffs Notes)

by Charles H. Patterson

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Subject: Aristotle, Ethics, Philosophy / History & Surveys / Ancient & Classical, Study Aids / Book Notes,

The original CliffsNotes study guides offer expert commentary on major themes, plots, characters, literary devices, and historical background. People have not changed significantly in the many years since Aristotle first lectured on ethics at the Lyceum in Athens. The human types and problems covered in CliffsNotes on Aristotle’s Ethics are familiar to everyone. The rules of conduct and explanations of virtue and goodness that he proposes can help people of all eras better understand their role in society. This study guide allows you to make your way through Aristotle’s famous essays with confidence. You’ll find clear summaries and explanations of each major theme. Other features that help you study include Introduction to the life of Aristotle Overview of the main points of Aristotle’s ethical philosophy Summaries and critical commentaries of the complete Nichomachean Ethics Review questions Classic literature or modern modern-day treasure — you’ll understand it all with expert information and insight from CliffsNotes study guides.

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Who Knew?: Responsibility Without Awareness

by George Sher

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Subject: Awareness, Philosophy / Mind & Body, Responsibility,

To be responsible for their acts, agents must both perform those acts voluntarily and in some sense know what they are doing. Of these requirements, the voluntariness condition has been much discussed, but the epistemic condition has received far less attention. In Who Knew? George Sher seeks to rectify that imbalance. The book is divided in two halves, the first of which criticizes a popular but inadequate way of understanding the epistemic condition, while the second seeks to develop a more adequate alternative. It is often assumed that agents are responsible only for what they are aware of doing or bringing about–that their responsibility extends only as far as the searchlight of their consciousness. The book criticizes this “searchlight view” on two main grounds: first, that it is inconsistent with our attributions of responsibility to a broad range of agents who should but do not realize that they are acting wrongly or foolishly, and, second, that the view is not independently defensible. The book’s positive view construes the crucial relation between an agent and his failure to recognize the wrongness or foolishness of what he is doing in causal terms: the agent is responsible when, and because, his failure to respond to his reasons for believing that he is acting wrongly or foolishly has its origins in the same constitutive psychology that generally does render him reason-responsive.

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A Companion To Kant

by Graham Bird

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Subject: Philosophy,

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