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Unconscious

by Alasdair MacIntyre

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Subject: Freud, Sigmund, Psychoanalytic Theory, Subconscionsness, Subconsciousness,

Alasdair MacIntyre argues that Freud’s conception of the unconscious is complicated by his tendency to use the term in two different ways. MacIntyre shows how Freud uses the term “unconscious” both as a straightforward description of psychological phenomena, and as an evaluative notion to explain the links between childhood events and adult behavior. This clarification helps to shed light on the many misunderstandings of psychoanalysis, and to separate out what is and what is not of lasting value in Freud’s account of the unconscious. This new edition includes a substantial new preface by the author, in which he discusses repression, determinism, transference, and “practical rationality,” and offers a rare comparison of Aristotle and Lacan on the concept of desire. MacIntyre takes the opportunity to reflect both on the reviews and criticisms of the first edition and also on his own philosophical stance.

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Ethics in Practice

by Hugh Lafollette

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Subject: Applied Ethics, Ethical Problems, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General,

This second edition of Ethics in Practice is a comprehensive collection of more than 60 new, newly-revised, and classic essays on fourteen contemporary moral questions. Through the selection of essays, organization of sections, and incisive general and section introductions, this book integrates ethical theory and the discussion of practical moral problems. In addition to the more familiar issues, such as abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, preferential treatment, and the environment, the volume includes coverage of less familiar, but equally important issues such as immigration, political correctness, free speech, the use of drugs, world hunger, and economic justice. The second edition includes 21 essays not in the first edition, with expanded sections discussing three more topics: reproductive technologies, gun control, and capital punishment. This volume features accessible and engaging, yet philosophically rigorous essays that encourage the student to think critically about a wide range of practical moral issues. The supporting website at http://www.stpt.usf.edu/hhl/papers/ethics.in.practice.2nd.htm contains extensive links to sources on the topics, ethical theories, and guides on writing papers. These features make Ethics in Practice the ideal text for introductory and applied ethics courses.

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THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF MORALITIES

by Monica Heintz

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Subject: Philosophy,

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Moral judgment and decision making

by Daniel M. Bartels

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Subject: Decision Making, Learning, Psychology Of, Motivation (Psychology), Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy,

This volume presents a variety of perspectives from within and outside moral psychology. Recently there has been an explosion of research in moral psychology, but it is one of the subfields most in need of bridge-building, both within and across areas. Interests in moral phenomena have spawned several separate lines of research that appear to address similar concerns from a variety of perspectives. The contributions to this volume examine key theoretical and empirical issues these perspectives share that connect these issues with the broader base of theory and research in social and cognitive psychology. The first two chapters discuss the role of mental representation in moral judgment and reasoning. Sloman, Fernbach, and Ewing argue that causal models are the canonical representational medium underlying moral reasoning, and Mikhail offers an account that makes use of linguistic structures and implicates legal concepts. Bilz and Nadler follow with a discussion of the ways in which laws, which are typically construed in terms of affecting behavior, exert an influence on moral attitudes, cognition, and emotions. Baron and Ritov follow with a discussion of how people’s moral cognition is often driven by law-like rules that forbid actions and suggest that value-driven judgment is relatively less concerned by the consequences of those actions than some normative standards would prescribe. Iliev et al. argue that moral cognition makes use of both rules and consequences, and review a number of laboratory studies that suggest that values influence what captures our attention, and that attention is a powerful determinant of judgment and preference. Ginges follows with a discussion of how these value-related processes influence cognition and behavior outside the laboratory, in high-stakes, real-world conflicts. Two subsequent chapters discuss further building blocks of moral cognition. Lapsley and Narvaez discuss the development of moral characters in children, and Reyna and Casillas offer a memory-based account of moral reasoning, backed up by developmental evidence. Their theoretical framework is also very relevant to the phenomena discussed in the Sloman et al., Baron and Ritov, and Iliev et al. chapters. The final three chapters are centrally focused on the interplay of hot and cold cognition. They examine the relationship between recent empirical findings in moral psychology and accounts that rely on concepts and distinctions borrowed from normative ethics and decision theory. Connolly and Hardman focus on bridge-building between contemporary discussions in the judgment and decision making and moral judgment literatures, offering several useful methodological and theoretical critiques. Ditto, Pizarro, and Tannenbaum argue that some forms of moral judgment that appear objective and absolute on the surface are, at bottom, more about motivated reasoning in service of some desired conclusion. Finally, Bauman and Skitka argue that moral relevance is in the eye of the perceiver and emphasize an empirical approach to identifying whether people perceive a given judgment as moral or non-moral. They describe a number of behavioral implications of people’s reported perception that a judgment or choice is a moral one, and in doing so, they suggest that the way in which researchers carve out the moral domain a priori might be dubious.

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MORAL MEASURES

by James Tiles

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Subject: Ethics, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General,

What basis do we have for condemning the Aztec custom of human sacrifice, the Chinese tradition of foot-binding, or the African practice of female genital mutilation? What can we learn from the moral traditions of other cultures? Addressing such questions,MoralMeasuresis a clear, fresh and accessible introduction to ethics which carefully illuminates the difficult issues surrounding cross-cultural ethics and moral thought. By examining Eastern and Western moral traditions, J. E. Tiles explores the basis for determining ethical measures of conduct across different cultures. Drawing on a rich array of ethical thinkers, including Aristotle, Kant and Confucius, Tiles argues that ethical problems are shared by apparently opposed moral traditions and that there is much to be learned by comparing them.

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