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The fundamental question of the ethics of belief is “What ought one to believe?” According to the traditional view of evidentialism, the strength of one’s beliefs should be proportionate to the evidence. Conventional ways of defending and challenging evidentialism rely on the idea that what one ought to believe is a matter of what it is rational, prudent, ethical, or personally fulfilling to believe. Common to all these approaches is that they look outside of belief itself to determine what one ought to believe. In this book Jonathan Adler offers a strengthened version of evidentialism, arguing that the ethics of belief should be rooted in the concept of belief—that evidentialism is belief’s own ethics. A key observation is that it is not merely that one ought not, but that one cannot, believe, for example, that the number of stars is even. The “cannot” represents a conceptual barrier, not just an inability. Therefore belief in defiance of one’s evidence (or evidentialism) is impossible. Adler addresses such questions as irrational beliefs, reasonableness, control over beliefs, and whether justifying beliefs requires a foundation. Although he treats the ethics of belief as a central topic in epistemology, his ideas also bear on rationality, argument and pragmatics, philosophy of religion, ethics, and social cognitive psychology.
In this major new book, Matthew Kramer seeks to establish two main conclusions. On the one hand, moral requirements and other elements of ethics are strongly objective in a number of senses that that Kramer elaborates. On the other hand, the objectivity of ethics is itself an ethical matter that rests primarily on ethical considerations. Moral realism ? the doctrine that morality is indeed objective in the various respects which Kramer expounds ? is a moral doctrine. This volume therefore fights battles on two complicatedly criss-crossing fronts. Many philosophers who deny the objectivity of ethics have sought to base their arguments on non-ethical considerations. They take themselves to be impugning the intellectual solidity of ethical claims and values without advancing any such claims or endorsing any such values in the course of their reflections. Quite a few champions of ethical objectivity have responded in kind by seeking to adduce alternative non-ethical considerations. Kramer, while aiming to dispel doubts about ethical objectivity, goes against both the doubters and their realist opponents by insisting that the key questions concerning ethical objectivity are not only about the domain of ethics but also within it. Distinguished by its originality, ambition and quality of scholarship, “Moral Realism as a Moral Doctrine” will be of interest to a wide range of readers in metaethics and moral philosophy more broadly.
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