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understanding virtue ethics

by Stan van Hooft

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Subject: Ethics, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General, Virtue,

Philosophers have increasingly advocated a virtue-based ethics that challenges traditional moral theories founded on moral obligation and delineation of right or wrong in given situations. Stan van Hooft provides a broad overview of the history of virtue ethics from Aristotle to Nietzsche to the ideas of contemporary writers Ricoeur and Levinas. He explores the major themes of moral theory and shows how a virtue ethics approach differs from those of other traditions. Van Hooft considers how morally complex practical problems, such as abortion, euthanasia, and integrity in politics, might be approached from a virtue perspective and addresses the charges of relativism and egoism that are often mounted against virtue ethics, arguing that virtue ethics is highly relevant to our understanding of the moral dimensions of professional roles.

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Quality of Life

by Martha C. Nussbaum

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Subject: Human Services - Congresses, Public Welfare - Congresses, Quality Of Life - Congresses, Social Values - Congresses,

The idea of the quality of life is central to economic and social assessment and also to public policy, social legislation, and community programmes. However, the commonly used indicators of economic success such as per capita income are at best crude measures of the quality of life. There is a strong need for a systematic exploration of the content, reach, and relevance of the concept of the quality of life, and ways of making it concrete and usable.

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Many globalizations

by Петер Л. Бергер

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Subject: Culture, Globalization, Political Science / International Relations / General,

Much discussed but poorly understood, globalization is praised as the answer to all the world’s problems and blamed for everything from pollution to poverty. In Many Globalizations, Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington bring together an array of scholars from around the world, who paint a far subtler and more richly shaded portrait, showing both the power and the unexpected consequences of this great force. Here the stereotypes of globalization as American imperialism on the one hand or economic cure-all on the other fall apart under the close scrutiny of these leading scholars. Looking at globalization in countries such as Chile, Japan, South Africa, Germany, Turkey, Hungary, Taiwan, India, and the United States, they show that an emerging global culture does indeed exist, one that is heavily American in origin and content, but that is far from a centrally directed force like classic imperialism–nor is it simply a “metastasized Disneyland.” They examine the currents that carry this culture, from a worldwide class of young professionals to nongovernmental organizations, and define globalization’s many variations (ranging from Buddhist influences to Islamic modernism) as well as subglobalizations that bind regions together. The authors also draw attention to globalizing forces that have escaped media scrutiny, such as the role of evangelical Protestantism (which both adapts to local languages and cultures, and introduce distinctively American values) and Opus Dei, the conservative Catholic movement that originated in Spain. Analytical, incisive and stimulating, Many Globalizations offers rare insight into perhaps the central issue of modern times, one that is changing the West as much as the developing world.

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PUBLIC FORUM AND CHRISTIAN ETHICS

by Robert Gascoigne

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Subject: Christian Ethics, Christian Ethics/ Catholic Authors, Social Ethics,

This book addresses the question of the communication of Christian ethics in the public forum of liberal, pluralist societies. Drawing on debates in philosophy, theology and sociological theory, it relates the problem of communication to fundamental questions about the nature of liberal societies and the identity of Christian faith and the Christian community. With particular emphasis on Kantian and neo-Kantian ethics, it explores the link between autonomy and community in liberal societies. The theology of communio, expressed in revealed Christian traditions, can reconcile autonomy and community. Any Christian attempt to communicate this vision must also reflect on Christianity’s own identity, especially the ways in which its own self-consciousness grows in critical interaction with secularity. In this light, Christian ethical communication is both a witness to a distinctive identity, founded in the revelation of the triune God, and a vision of universal human solidarity which can reconcile autonomy and community.

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Sovereign virtue

by Ronald Dworkin

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Subject: Equality, Philosophy / Political, Political Science / Political Freedom & Security / Human Rights, Psychology / Reference,

Equality is the endangered species of political ideals. Even left-of-center politicians reject equality as an ideal: government must combat poverty, they say, but need not strive that its citizens be equal in any dimension. In his new book Ronald Dworkin insists, to the contrary, that equality is the indispensable virtue of democratic sovereignty. A legitimate government must treat all its citizens as equals, that is, with equal respect and concern, and, since the economic distribution that any society achieves is mainly the consequence of its system of law and policy, that requirement imposes serious egalitarian constraints on that distribution. What distribution of a nation’s wealth is demanded by equal concern for all? Dworkin draws upon two fundamental humanist principles–first, it is of equal objective importance that all human lives flourish, and second, each person is responsible for defining and achieving the flourishing of his or her own life–to ground his well-known thesis that true equality means equality in the value of the resources that each person commands, not in the success he or she achieves. Equality, freedom, and individual responsibility are therefore not in conflict, but flow from and into one another as facets of the same humanist conception of life and politics. Since no abstract political theory can be understood except in the context of actual and complex political issues, Dworkin develops his thesis by applying it to heated contemporary controversies about the distribution of health care, unemployment benefits, campaign finance reform, affirmative action, assisted suicide, and genetic engineering.

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