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بایگانی‌های 34 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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MERIT AND RESPONSIBILITY

by Arthur W.H. Adkins

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Subject: Ethics, Ethics, Greek, Philosophy, Ancient, Responsibility,

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Good Natured

by Frans B.M. de Waal

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Subject: Animal Behavior, Ethics, Evolutionary, Human Behavior,

To observe a dog’s guilty look.to witness a gorilla’s self-sacrifice for a wounded mate, to watch an elephant herd’s communal effort on behalf of a stranded calf–to catch animals in certain acts is to wonder what moves them. Might there he a code of ethics in the animal kingdom? Must an animal be human to he humane? In this provocative book, a renowned scientist takes on those who have declared ethics uniquely human Making a compelling case for a morality grounded in biology, he shows how ethical behavior is as much a matter of evolution as any other trait, in humans and animals alike.World famous for his brilliant descriptions of Machiavellian power plays among chimpanzees-the nastier side of animal life–Frans de Waal here contends that animals have a nice side as well. Making his case through vivid anecdotes drawn from his work with apes and monkeys and holstered by the intriguing, voluminous data from his and others’ ongoing research, de Waal shows us that many of the building blocks of morality are natural: they can he observed in other animals. Through his eyes, we see how not just primates but all kinds of animals, from marine mammals to dogs, respond to social rules, help each other, share food, resolve conflict to mutual satisfaction, even develop a crude sense of justice and fairness.Natural selection may be harsh, but it has produced highly successful species that survive through cooperation and mutual assistance. De Waal identifies this paradox as the key to an evolutionary account of morality, and demonstrates that human morality could never have developed without the foundation of fellow feeling our species shares with other animals. As his work makes clear, a morality grounded in biology leads to an entirely different conception of what it means to he human–and humane.

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On Human Rights

by James Griffin

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Subject: Human Rights, Human Rights - Philosophy,

What is a human right? How can we tell whether a proposed human right really is one? How do we establish the content of particular human rights, and how do we resolve conflicts between them? These are pressing questions for philosophers, political theorists, jurisprudents, international lawyers, and activists. James Griffin offers answers in his compelling new investigation of the foundations of human rights. First, On Human Rights traces the idea of a natural right from its origin in the late Middle Ages, when the rights were seen as deriving from natural laws, through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the original theological background was progressively dropped and ‘natural law’ emptied of most of its original meaning. By the end of the Enlightenment, the term “human rights” (droits de l’homme) appeared, marking the purge of the theological background. But the Enlightenment, in putting nothing in its place, left us with an unsatisfactory, incomplete idea of a human right. Griffin shows how the language of human rights has become debased. There are scarcely any accepted criteria, either in the academic or the public sphere, for correct use of the term. He takes on the task of showing the way towards a determinate concept of human rights, based on their relation to the human status that we all share. He works from certain paradigm cases, such as freedom of expression and freedom of worship, to more disputed cases such as welfare rights–for instance the idea of a human right to health. His goal is a substantive account of human rights–an account with enough content to tell us whether proposed rights really are rights. Griffin emphasizes the practical as well as theoretical urgency of this goal: as the United Nations recognized in 1948 with its Universal Declaration, the idea of human rights has considerable power to improve the lot of humanity around the world. We can’t do without the idea of human rights, and we need to get clear about it. It is our job now–the job of this book–to influence and develop the unsettled discourse of human rights so as to complete the incomplete idea.

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the Fundamentals of Ethics

by Russ Shafer-Landau

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Subject: Philosophy,

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A Pitch of Philosophy: Autobiographical Exercises (The Jerusalem-Harvard Lectures)

by Stanley Cavell

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Subject: Biography & Autobiography / Personal Memoirs, Philosophy, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / History & Surveys / Modern,

What is the pitch of philosophy? Something thrown, for us to catch? A lurch, meant to unsettle us? The relative position of a tone on a scale? A speech designed to persuade? This book is an invitation to the life of philosophy in the United States, as Emerson once lived it and as Stanley Cavell now lives it – in all its topographical ambiguity. Cavell talks about his vocation in connection with what he calls voice – the tone of philosophy – and his right to take that tone, and to describe an anecdotal journey toward the discovery of his own voice. Cavell asks how the voice of philosophy can be heard amid the commerce of everyday life. His autobiographical exercises begin at home with his parents, his father an accidental pawnbroker and accomplished raconteur, his mother a trained and talented musician. In the course of showing us his certain steps in the discovery of his trade, he conveys the sense of what it means to learn to walk on one’s own, with a Thoreauvian deliberateness. He pays suitableattention to a serious ally and antagonist to the task of philosophy as he understands it, namely, Jacques Derrida – yet Derrida has mounted a full-scale attack on “voice” and other concepts that Cavell has held open for much of a lifetime. The chapters are interwoven with intense family reminiscences in Cavell’s discovery of J. L. Austin, his understanding of Wittgenstein, his raising of Emerson to the philosophical canon, his fascination with film (images of women in a medium for women), the revelation that film and opera are the media of otherness for women. And the voice at the end: hearing in himself the voice of his mother, which is music. Complex, sentimental, witty, A Pitch ofPhilosophy is for anyone who cares to take on philosophy, under whatever name it goes.

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