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بایگانی‌های 3231 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Utilitarianism for and against

by J.J.C. Smart

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Subject: Philosophy / General, Philosophy / Movements / Utilitarianism, Philosophy / Political, Utilitarianism,

Two essays on utilitarianism, written from opposite points of view, by J. J. C. Smart and Bernard Williams. In the first part of the book Professor Smart advocates a modern and sophisticated version of classical utilitarianism; he tries to formulate a consistent and persuasive elaboration of the doctrine that the rightness and wrongness of actions is determined solely by their consequences, and in particular their consequences for the sum total of human happiness. This is a revised version of Professor Smart’s famous essay ‘an outline of a system of utilitarian ethics’, first published in 1961 but long unobtainable. In Part II Bernard Williams offers a sustained and vigorous critique of utilitarian assumptions, arguments and ideals. He finds inadequate the theory of action implied by utilitarianism, and he argues that utilitarianism fails to engage at a serious level with the real problems of moral and political philosophy, and fails to make sense of notions such as integrity, or even human happiness itself. Both authors are agreed on utilitarianism’s importance: it cuts across a number of different philosophical disputes and combines a systematic account of mata-ethical problems with a distinctive and substantive moral stand. It thus is, or involves, philosophy in both the traditional and the narrower, professional sense of the word, and is a key topic (often the first topic) in introductory philosophy courses. This book should also be of interest to welfare economists, political scientists and decision-theorists.

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Moral Vision and Tradition

by Antonio S. Cua

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Subject: Ethics - China, Philosophy, Chinese, Philosophy, Confucian,

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Truth-conditional pragmatics

by Francois Recanati

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Subject: Language Arts & Disciplines / General, Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / General, Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / Pragmatics, Pragmatics,

Francois Recanati argues against the traditional understanding of the semantics/pragmatics divide and puts forward a radical alternative. Through half a dozen case studies, he shows that what an utterance says cannot be neatly separated from what the speaker means. In particular, the speaker’s meaning endows words with senses that are tailored to the situation of utterance and depart from the conventional meanings carried by the words in isolation. This phenomenon of ‘pragmatic modulation’ must be taken into account in theorizing about semantic content, for it interacts with the grammar-driven process of semantic composition. Because of that interaction, Recanati argues, the content of a sentence always depends upon the context in which it is used. This claim defines Contextualism, a view which has attracted considerable attention in recent years, and of which Recanati is one of the main proponents.

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Needs And Moral Necessity

by Soran Reader

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Subject: Ethics, Necessity (Philosophy), Need (Philosophy), Philosophy / General,

EM P Needs and Moral Necessity analyses ethics as a practice, explains why we have three moral theory-types, consequentialism, deontology and virtue ethics, and argues for a fourth needs-based theory. /P /EM

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New Testament Social Ethics for Today

by Richard N. Longenecker

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Subject: Bible, Christian Ethics, Ethics In The Bible, Social Ethics,

To Answer the Question of what role the New Testament should play in the formation and expression of Christian social morality today, Richard Longenecker here proposes a developmental hermeneutic, which distinguishes between “dedared principles” and “described practices” in the New Testament writings. With this distinction in mind; he focuses on the three couplets of Galatians 3:28 – “neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female” – showing how these matters were treated in early Christian thought and explaining their meaning for us today. In so doing, Longenecker lays a hermeneutical foundation for the much larger discussion of Christian social ethics. Book jacket.

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