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بایگانی‌های 1878 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Between Universalism And Skepticism

by Michael Philips

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Subject: Ethics, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / History & Surveys / General,

Philips defends a middle ground between the view that there is a set of standards binding on rational beings as such (universalism) and the view that differences in morals reduce ultimately to matters of taste (skepticism). He begins with a sustained critique of universalist moral theories and of certain familiar approaches to concrete moral questions that presuppose them (most appeals to intuitions, respect-for-persons moralities, and versions of contractarianism and wide reflective equilibrium). He goes on to criticize major recent attempts to develop nonuniversalist alternatives to skepticism, arguing that they rely on excessively abstract and philosophically indefensible preference satisfaction theories of the good. According to Philips’s positive alternative, ethics as social artifact, moral codes are social instruments and they are justified to the extent that they effectively do their jobs, which is to promote reasonably valued ways of life. Accordingly, he argues that different standards may be justified for different societies, depending on their circumstances, traditions, and current institutions. His account of a reasonably valued way of life depends on a “falsifiability” approach to reasonable values according to which existing values are treated as reasonable unless good arguments can be made against them. He describes many strategies for making such arguments, the upshot being an approach to the justification of moral standards that is sufficiently “grounded” to settle many controversies and to mark off areas in which rational persons are free to disagree. It also explains why the weight of a moral consideration may vary reasonably from one “domain” of social life toanother. An original approach to the uses and limits of reason in ethics, Between Universalism and Skepticism provides a theoretical basis for approaching actual moral controversies and questions of applied and professional ethics in a systematic way.

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The Philosophy of Trust

by Paul Faulkner

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Subject: Trust - Philosophy,

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The Evolution of Cooperation

by Robert Axelrod

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Subject: Consensus (Social Sciences), Cooperativeness, Egoism, Prisoner's Dilemma Game,

The much-discussed book that explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egoists–whether superpowers, businesses, or individuals–when there is no central authority to police their actions.”A remarkable mixture of theoretical analysis, anecdotal evidence, and a most unusual mode of empirical research…In it he applies the prisoner’s dilemma to topics ranging from collusion among large corporations to U.S. involvement in Vietnam.”–James L. Gould and Carol Grant Gould, “Sciences” “A fascinating contribution to the theory of cooperation, and written in a clear, informal style that makes it a joy to read.” “–Times Literary Supplement (London)”

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Ethics Without Ontology

by Hilary Putnam

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Subject: Ethics, Medical Ethics, Ontology,

In this brief book one of the most distinguished living American philosophers takes up the question of whether ethical judgments can properly be considered objective–a question that has vexed philosophers over the past century. Looking at the efforts of philosophers from the Enlightenment through the twentieth century, Putnam traces the ways in which ethical problems arise in a historical context. Hilary Putnam’s central concern is ontology–indeed, the very idea of ontology as the division of philosophy concerned with what (ultimately) exists. Reviewing what he deems the disastrous consequences of ontology’s influence on analytic philosophy–in particular, the contortions it imposes upon debates about the objective of ethical judgments–Putnam proposes abandoning the very idea of ontology. He argues persuasively that the attempt to provide an ontological explanation of the objectivity of either mathematics or ethics is, in fact, an attempt to provide justifications that are extraneous to mathematics and ethics–and is thus deeply misguided.

محبوب ترین موضوعات

نتایج برای : 1878
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