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In Goodness and Justice, Joseph Mendola develops a unified moral theory that defends the hedonism of classical utilitarianism while evading utilitarianism’s familiar difficulties by two modifications. His theory incorporates a new form of consequentialism. When, as is common, someone is engaged in conflicting group acts, it requires that one perform the role in that group that is most beneficent. The theory holds that overall value is distribution-sensitive, ceding maximum weight to the well-being of the worst-off sections of sentient lives. It is properly congruent with commonsense intuition and required by the true metaphysics of value, by the unconstituted natural good found in our world.
The fundamental question of the ethics of belief is “What ought one to believe?” According to the traditional view of evidentialism, the strength of one’s beliefs should be proportionate to the evidence. Conventional ways of defending and challenging evidentialism rely on the idea that what one ought to believe is a matter of what it is rational, prudent, ethical, or personally fulfilling to believe. Common to all these approaches is that they look outside of belief itself to determine what one ought to believe. In this book Jonathan Adler offers a strengthened version of evidentialism, arguing that the ethics of belief should be rooted in the concept of belief—that evidentialism is belief’s own ethics. A key observation is that it is not merely that one ought not, but that one cannot, believe, for example, that the number of stars is even. The “cannot” represents a conceptual barrier, not just an inability. Therefore belief in defiance of one’s evidence (or evidentialism) is impossible. Adler addresses such questions as irrational beliefs, reasonableness, control over beliefs, and whether justifying beliefs requires a foundation. Although he treats the ethics of belief as a central topic in epistemology, his ideas also bear on rationality, argument and pragmatics, philosophy of religion, ethics, and social cognitive psychology.
A disquieting suggestion — The nature of moral disagreement today and the claims of emotivism — Emotivism: social content and social context — The predecessor culture and the enlightenment project of justifying morality — Why the enlightenment project of justifying morality had to fail — Some consequences of the failure of the enlightenment project — “Fact”, explanation and expertise — The character of generalizations in social science and their lack of predictive power — Nietzsche or Aristotle? — The virtues in heroic societies — The virtues at Athens — Aristotle’s account of the virtues — Medieval aspects and occasions — The nature of the virtues — The virtues, the unity of a human life and the concept of a tradition — From the virtues to virtue and after virtue — Justice as a virtue: changing conceptions — After virtue: Nietzsche or Aristotle, Trotsky and St. Benedict — Postscript to the second edition.
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