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بایگانی‌های John M. Parrish - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Outlines Of The History Of Ethics

by Henry Sidgwick

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Subject: Ethics, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General,

PREFACE. THE nucleus of this little book is formed by an article on Ethics which I wrote some years ago for the E zc cIopaB f iiat nnnica. I found that, in the opinion of persons whose judgment had weight with me, this article appeared likely to meet the needs of English students desirous of obtaining a general knowledge of the history of ethical thought I have, therefore, by the permission of Messrs. Black, the publishers of the EnglcZop riaB ritannica, reprinted it in this separate form. In so doing, I have considerably altered and enlarged it but, aftcr some hesitation, I determined to adhere to the main outlines of the original article, according to which the chapter IV. dealing with the modern pcriod is mainly confined to English Ethics, and only deals with foreign ethical systems in a subordinate way, as sources of influence on English thought. I adopted this resolution, partly because it seemed to me that the merit of my article-if it had any-lay in a certain compact unity of movement which would v inevitably be lost if I tried to include a treatment of French and German moralists on a scale corresponding to my treatment of English moralists while at the same time a considerable portion of what I thus omitted appeared to me to have a distinctly subordinate interest for English readers as compared with what I included. I ought further to explain that, for somewhat similar reasons, I have taken pains to keep Ethics as separate as I conveniently could from Theology and Metaphysics, and also from Politics this separation, however, is naturally less complete in some parts of the subject than in others -e. g. in dealing with the medireval period the relations of Ethics to Theology arenecessarily more prominent than in the modern period. Finally, I may perhaps say that I have aimed throughout at the greatest possible impartiality and objectivity of treatment and in order better to attain this rcsult I have not attempted to deal with contemporary modes of ethical thought-with which I have been engaged controversially-except in a very brief and summary way. In the greater part of the book-i. e. in by far the larger part of Chapter II., in almost all Chapter IV., I draw attention to the words a consitlerable portion because they were overlooked by a reviewer who selected this sentence for severe criticism. The omission of the111 substitutes an o i ionur llicli I should regard as indelensi1 le for one which I still think almost incontrovertible. PREFACE vii and in some of Chapter 111.-my exposition is primarily based on my own study of the original authors. Where this is not the case I have tried to guard myself from error by comparing different historians of philosophy, and referring to the original authors whenever this comparison left me doubtful. And throughout I have endeavoured to correct and supplement the results of my own study by comparing them with the views expressed in other historical worlts. I a n especially indebted, as regards Chapter I I ., to Zellers Geschichte der Griechischen Philosophic but, in revising the chapter, I have also derived useful suggestions from Ziegler, Geschichte der Ethi, and from an excellent little book on Epicureanism by Rlr. Wallace. The account of Christian morality in Chapter 111…

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Contemporary Theories Of Knowledge

by John L. Cruz Joseph Pollock

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Subject: Knowledge, Theory Of, Philosophy, Modern,

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Moral Error Theory

by Jonas Olson

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Subject: Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / History & Surveys / General, Philosophy / History & Surveys / Modern,

Jonas Olson presents a critical survey of moral error theory, the view that there are no moral facts and so all moral claims are false. In Part I (History), he explores the historical context of the debate, and discusses the moral error theories of David Hume and of some more or less influential twentieth century philosophers, including Axel Hägerström, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Richard Robinson. He argues that the early cases for moral error theory are suggestive but that they would have been stronger had they included something like J. L. Mackie’s arguments that moral properties and facts are metaphysically queer. Part II (Critique) focuses on these arguments. Olson identifies four queerness arguments, concerning supervenience, knowledge, motivation, and irreducible normativity, and goes on to establish that while the first three are not compelling, the fourth has considerable force, especially when combined with debunking explanations of why we tend to believe that there are moral properties and facts when in fact there are none. One conclusion of Part II is that a plausible error theory takes the form of an error theory about irreducible normativity. In Part III (Defence), Olson considers challenges according to which that kind of error theory has problematic ramifications regarding hypothetical reasons, epistemic reasons, and deliberation. He ends his discussion with a consideration of the implications of moral error theory for ordinary moral thought and talk, and for normative theorizing.

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Relativism, Cognitive and Moral

by Jack Meiland

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Subject: Ethical Relativism, Philosophy / General, Relativity,

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ADAM SMITH

by Nicholas Phillipson

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Subject: Biography & Autobiography / General, Biography & Autobiography / Philosophers, Biography & Autobiography / Social Scientists & Psychologists, Business & Economics / Economics / Theory,

Adam Smith (1723-90) is celebrated all over the world as the author ofThe Wealth of Nationsand the founder of modern economics. A few of his ideas–that of the “invisible hand” of the market and that “It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest” have become iconic. Yet Smith saw himself primarily as a philosopher rather than an economist and would never have predicted that the ideas for which he is now best known were his most important. This book shows the extent to whichThe Wealth of Nationsand Smith’s other great work,The Theory of Moral Sentiments,were part of a larger scheme to establish a grand “Science of Man,” one of the most ambitious projects of the European Enlightenment, which was to encompass law, history, and aesthetics as well as economics and ethics, and which was only half complete on Smith’s death in 1790. Nick Phillipson reconstructs Smith’s intellectual ancestry and shows what Smith took from, and what he gave to, in the rapidly changing intellectual and commercial cultures of Glasgow and Edinburgh as they entered the great years of the Scottish Enlightenment. Above all he explains how far Smith’s ideas developed in dialogue with those of his closest friend, the other titan of the age, David Hume.

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