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بایگانی‌های Human Rights - Political Aspects - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy

by Eva Feder Kittay

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Subject: Cognition Disorders, Ethics,

We have been taught that all humans share intrinsic qualities that lend them a common dignity. Philosophers conceive of a certain level of cognitive capacity as the very mark of humanity, and extend the mantle of equal moral fellowship to these “persons.” But what of individuals with diminished cognitive abilities? Cognitive disability poses significant challenges to these fundamental philosophical concepts, prompting a variety of difficult questions. Should those with cognitive disabilities be excluded from the protections and responsibilities we routinely assign to “persons”? Are we forced to reconsider the very concept of “personhood”? How should the interests of people with cognitive disabilities and their caregivers be represented politically? Who is responsible for guaranteeing their care? And to what extent ought they to be granted autonomy?Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy addresses these concerns in a series of thought-provoking Chapters contributed by some of the most prominent moral philosophers of our time, as well as clinicians and medical historians. Collectively, the Chapters represent an important milestone in contemporary thinking about ethical considerations relating to people with cognitive disabilities.Eva Feder Kittay is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, Women’s Studies Affiliate, and Senior Fellow of the Center for Medical Humanities, Bioethics and Compassionate Care at Stony Brook University, New York. Her published works include Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency (1998); The Blackwell Guide to Feminist Philosophy (co-edited with Linda Martin Alcoff, Wiley-Blackwell, 2006); The Subject of Care: Feminist Perspectives on Dependency (with Ellen K. Feder, 2003); and Metaphor: Its Cognitive Force and Linguistic Structure (1990). She is also the mother of a cognitively disabled woman.Licia Carlson is an assistant professor of philosophy at Providence College. Her research interests include twentieth-century French philosophy, ethics, feminist theory, philosophy and disability, and the philosophy of music. She has published articles on bioethics, feminist theory, disability, and the works of Michel Foucault, and is the author of The Faces of Intellectual Disability: Philosophical Reflections (2010).

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EFFICIENCY INSTEAD OF JUSTICE?

by Klaus Mathis

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Subject: Economics, Justice, Administration Of, Law, Law And Economics,

Economic analysis of law is an interesting and challenging attempt to employ the concepts and reasoning methods of modern economic theory so as to gain a deeper understanding of legal problems. According to Richard A. Posner it is the role of the law to encourage market competition and, where the market fails because transaction costs are too high, to simulate the result of competitive markets. This would maximize economic efficiency and social wealth.In this work, the lawyer and economist Klaus Mathis critically appraises Posner’s normative justification of the efficiency paradigm from the perspective of the philosophy of law. Posner acknowledges the influences of Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham, whom he views as the founders of normative economics. He subscribes to Smith’s faith in the market as an ideal allocation model, and to Bentham’s ethical consequentialism. Finally, aligning himself with John Rawls’s contract theory, he seeks to legitimize his concept of wealth maximization with a consensus theory approach.In his interdisciplinary study, the author points out the possibilities as well as the limits of economic analysis of law. It provides a method of analysing the law which, while very helpful, is also rather specific. The efficiency arguments therefore need to be incorporated into a process for resolving value conflicts. In a democracy this must take place within the political decision-making process. In this clearly written work, Klaus Mathis succeeds in making even non-economists more aware of the economic aspects of the law.

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Demands Of Consequentialism

by Tim Mulgan

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Subject: Consequentialism (Ethics), Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / Political,

Tim Mulgan presents a penetrating examination of consequentialism: the theory that human behavior must be judged in terms of the goodness or badness of its consequences. The problem with consequentialism is that it seems unreasonably demanding, leaving us no room for our own aims and interests. In response, Mulgan offers his own, more practical version of consequentialism–one that will surely appeal to philosophers and laypersons alike.

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FREE CULTURE

by Lawrence Lessig

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Subject: Art, Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property/ United States, Mass Media,

Lawrence Lessig, the most important thinker on intellectual property in the Internet era (The New Yorker), masterfully argues that never before in human history has the power to control creative progress been so concentrated in the hands of the powerful few, the so-called Big Media. Never before have the cultural powers- that-be been able to exert such control over what we can and cant do with the culture around us. Our society defends free markets and free speech; why then does it permit such top-down control? To lose our long tradition of free culture, Lawrence Lessig shows us, is to lose our freedom to create, our freedom to build, and, ultimately, our freedom to imagine.

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