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Recent scientific advances have placed many traditional philosophical concepts under great stress. In this pathbreaking book, the eminent philosopher Robert Nozick rethinks and transforms the concepts of truth, objectivity, necessity, contingency, consciousness, and ethics. Using an original method, he presents bold new philosophical theories that take account of scientific advances in physics, evolutionary biology, economics, and cognitive neuroscience, and casts current cultural controversies (such as whether all truth is relative and whether ethics is objective) in a wholly new light. Throughout, the book is open to, and engages in, the bold exploration of new philosophical possibilities.Philosophy will never look the same. Truth is embedded in space-time and is relative to it. However, truth is not socially relative among human beings (extraterrestrials are another matter). Objective facts are invariant under specified transformations; objective beliefs are arrived at by a process in which biasing factors do not play a significant role. Necessity’s domain is contracted (there are no important metaphysical necessities; water is not necessarily H2O) while the important and useful notion of degrees of contingency is elaborated. Gradations of consciousness (based upon “common registering”) yield increasing capacity to fit actions to the world. The originating function of ethics is cooperation to mutual benefit, and evolution has instilled within humans a “normative module”: the capacities to learn, internalize, follow norms, and make evaluations. Ethics has normative force because of the connection between ethics and conscious self-awareness. Nozick brings together the book’s novel theories to show the extent to which there are objective ethical truths.
InClassical Individualism,Tibor Machan argues that individualism is far from being dead. Machan identifies, develops and defends what he calls classical individualism: the sort with roots in Aristotle rather than Hobbes. This type of individualism does not reject the social nature of the human being, but finds that every human being is also a self-directed agent who is responsible for what he or she does. Machan rejects all types of collectivism, including communitarianism, ethnic solidarity, racial unity, and gender identity. The ideas inClassical Individualismhave important social and political implications, and will be of interest to anyone concerned with the notion of individuality and individual responsibility.
Confronted daily with decisions on how to present their stories, what to write and what not to write, journalists and the media are frequently accused of sensationalizing, of choosing only to report the bad news, and of misquoting those they interview. In Morals and the Media, Nick Russell addresses many of the concerns the public has about the media. He focuses on the fundamental moral questions and ethical dilemmas faced by journalists and discusses how the media both reflect and influence society. Displaying a broad understanding of the issues, he examines how values have been developed and applied, suggesting value systems which can be used to judge special situations. The book covers all the major print and electronic media and addresses a wide range of ethical issues with candour and insight gained from the author’s long career as a practising journalist. He points out how Canadian media ethics differ from those in the United States and includes many examples drawn from his impressive knowledge of the Canadian journalistic scene. The ‘Tough Calls’ at the end of each chapter invite readers to test their own ethics in scenarios drawn from real news stories. Morals and the Media is the first book to tackle journalistic decision-making in Canada. It will be essential reading in journalism courses but also an important resource for journalists, as it offers criteria for analyzing complex situations and reaching justifiable decisions. It will also be of interest to the consumers of journalism – the readers, listeners, and watchers who wonder why the media do what they do.
These thirteen original essays, whose authors include some of the world’s leading philosophers, examine themes from the work of the Cambridge philosopher G. E. Moore (1873-1958), and demonstrate his considerable continuing influence on philosophical debate. Part I bears on epistemological topics, such as skepticism about the external world, the significance of common sense, and theories of perception. Part II is devoted to themes in ethics, such as Moore’s open question argument, his non-naturalism, utilitarianism, and his notion of organic unities.
ما از اخلاق چه انتظاری داریم؟ این سوال شاید تاحدودی برای عموم مردم و یا متخصصان این رشته قابل پاسخ باشد؛ اینکه خوب بودن را به ما بیاموزد و در تنظیم روابط فردی م...
جشن کتاب تهران به ایستگاه سی و یکم رسیده است. حال و احوال نشر کتاب خوب نیست و باید فرهنگدوستان را به خرید و هدیه دادن کتاب ترغیب نمود. خانه اخلاقپژوهان جوان ب...
بنیاد کتابهای اخلاق اسلامی عمدتا پالایش جان از آلودگیها و آراستن آن به زیباییها است. اندیشه محوری این قبیل کتابها آن است که انسان فعلی آنی نیست که باید باشد...
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