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بایگانی‌های 9789042021549 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Moral Error Theory

by Jonas Olson

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Subject: Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / History & Surveys / General, Philosophy / History & Surveys / Modern,

Jonas Olson presents a critical survey of moral error theory, the view that there are no moral facts and so all moral claims are false. In Part I (History), he explores the historical context of the debate, and discusses the moral error theories of David Hume and of some more or less influential twentieth century philosophers, including Axel Hägerström, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Richard Robinson. He argues that the early cases for moral error theory are suggestive but that they would have been stronger had they included something like J. L. Mackie’s arguments that moral properties and facts are metaphysically queer. Part II (Critique) focuses on these arguments. Olson identifies four queerness arguments, concerning supervenience, knowledge, motivation, and irreducible normativity, and goes on to establish that while the first three are not compelling, the fourth has considerable force, especially when combined with debunking explanations of why we tend to believe that there are moral properties and facts when in fact there are none. One conclusion of Part II is that a plausible error theory takes the form of an error theory about irreducible normativity. In Part III (Defence), Olson considers challenges according to which that kind of error theory has problematic ramifications regarding hypothetical reasons, epistemic reasons, and deliberation. He ends his discussion with a consideration of the implications of moral error theory for ordinary moral thought and talk, and for normative theorizing.

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Creating the Ethical School

by Bongsoon Zubay

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Subject: Education - Moral And Ethical Aspects - Case Studies. - United States, Moral Education - Case Studies. - United States, School Improvement Programs - Case Studies. - United States,

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Islamic Ethics

by Mariam Al-Attar

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Subject: Civilization, Islamic, Divine Commands (Ethics), Islam - 20th Century, Islamic Civilization,

This book explores philosophical ethics in Arabo-Islamic thought. Examining the meaning, origin and development of “Divine Command Theory”, it underscores the philosophical bases of religious fundamentalism that hinder social development and hamper dialogue between different cultures and nations.Challenging traditional stereotypes of Islam, the book refutes contemporary claims that Islam is a defining case of ethical voluntarism, and that the prominent theory in Islamic ethical thought is Divine Command Theory. The author argues that, in fact, early Arab-Islamic scholars articulated moral theories: theories of value and theories of obligation. She traces the development of Arabo-Islamic ethics from the early Islamic theological and political debates between the Kharijites and the Murji’ites, shedding new light on the moral theory of Abd al-Jabbar al-Mu’tazili and the effects of this moral theory on post-Mu’tazilite ethical thought.Highlighting important aspects in the development of Islamic thought, this book will appeal to students and scholars of Islamic moral thought and ethics, Islamic law, and religious fundamentalism.

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David Hume’s Humanity

by S. Yenor

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Subject: Philosophy / Metaphysics, Philosophy / Political, Philosophy / Social, Political Science / General,

Scott Yenor argues that David Hume’s reputation as a skeptic is greatly exaggerated and that Hume’s skepticism is a moment leading Hume to defend common life philosophy and the humane commercial republic. Gentle, humane virtues reflect the proper reaction to the complex mixture of human faculties that define the human condition.

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Hegel’s Ethical Thought

by Allen W. Wood

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Subject: Ethics, Germanic, Ethics, Modern,

This important new study offers a powerful exposition of the ethical theory underlying Hegel’s philosophy of society, politics, and history. Professor Wood shows how Hegel applies his theory to such topics as human rights, the justification of legal punishment, criteria of moral responsibility, and the authority of individual conscience. The book includes a critical discussion of Hegel’s treatment of other moral philosophers (especially Kant, Fichte and Fries), provides an account of the controversial concept of “ethical life,” and shows the relation between the theory and Hegel’s critical assessment of modern social institutions. The book is nontechnical and should interest anyone concerned with Hegel’s ethical and political thought, including philosophers, political scientists, intellectual historians and students of German culture.

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