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بایگانی‌های 9781164501527 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Living With Uncertainty

by Michael J. Zimmerman

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Subject: Philosophy / Epistemology, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Psychology / General,

Every choice we make is set against a background of massive ignorance about our past, our future, our circumstances, and ourselves. Philosophers are divided on the moral significance of such ignorance. Some say that it has a direct impact on how we ought to behave – the question of what our moral obligations are; others deny this, claiming that it only affects how we ought to be judged in light of the behaviour in which we choose to engage – the question of what responsibility we bear for our choices. Michael Zimmerman claims that our ignorance has an important bearing on both questions, and offers an account of moral obligation and moral responsibility that is sharply at odds with the prevailing wisdom. His book will be of interest to a wide range of readers in ethics.

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WHY LEADERS LIE

by John J. Mearsheimer

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Subject: International Relations, International Relations - Moral And Ethical Aspects, Political Ethics,

For more than two decades, John J. Mearsheimer has been regarded as one of the foremost realist thinkers on foreign policy. Clear and incisive, a fearlessly honest analyst, his coauthored 2007 New York Times bestseller, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, aroused a firestorm with its unflinching look at the making of America’s Middle East policy. Now he takes a look at another controversial but understudied aspect of international relations: lying.In Why Leaders Lie, Mearsheimer provides the first systematic analysis of lying as a tool of statecraft, identifying the varieties, the reasons, and the potential costs and benefits. Drawing on a trove of examples, he argues that leaders often lie for good strategic reasons, so a blanket condemnation is unrealistic and unwise. Yet there are other kinds of deception besides lying, including concealment and spinning. Perhaps no distinction is more important than that between lying to another state and lying to one’s own people. Mearsheimer was amazed to discover how unusual interstate lying has been; given the atmosphere of distrust among the great powers, he found that outright deceit is difficult to pull off and thus rarely worth the effort. Plus it sometimes backfires when it does occur. Khrushchev lied about the size of the Soviet missile force, sparking an American build-up. Eisenhower got caught lying about U-2 spy flights in 1960, which scuttled an upcoming summit with Krushchev. Leaders more often mislead their own publics, sometimes with damaging consequences. Though the reasons may be noble–Franklin Roosevelt, for example, lied to the American people about German U-boats attacking the destroyer Greer in 1940, to build a case for war against Hitler–they can easily lead to disaster, as with the Bush administration’s falsehoods about Iraq’s weapons of mass destruction. There has never been a full discussion of international lying. Now a leading expert fills the gap with a richly informed and powerfully argued book.

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The Evolution of Cooperation

by Robert Axelrod

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Subject: Consensus (Social Sciences), Cooperativeness, Egoism, Prisoner's Dilemma Game,

The much-discussed book that explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egoists–whether superpowers, businesses, or individuals–when there is no central authority to police their actions.”A remarkable mixture of theoretical analysis, anecdotal evidence, and a most unusual mode of empirical research…In it he applies the prisoner’s dilemma to topics ranging from collusion among large corporations to U.S. involvement in Vietnam.”–James L. Gould and Carol Grant Gould, “Sciences” “A fascinating contribution to the theory of cooperation, and written in a clear, informal style that makes it a joy to read.” “–Times Literary Supplement (London)”

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An outline of a system of utilitarian ethics

by J.J.C. Smart

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Subject: Ethics, Utilitarianism,

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