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بایگانی‌های 9780520037731 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Empirical Methods For Artificial Intelligence

by Paul R. Cohen

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Subject: Artificial Intelligence - Research,

Computer science and artificial intelligence in particular have no curriculum in research methods, as other sciences do. This book presents empirical methods for studying complex computer programs: exploratory tools to help find patterns in data, experiment designs and hypothesis-testing tools to help data speak convincingly, and modeling tools to help explain data. Although many of these techniques are statistical, the book discusses statistics in the context of the broader empirical enterprise. The first three chapters introduce empirical questions, exploratory data analysis, and experiment design. The blunt interrogation of statistical hypothesis testing is postponed until chapters 4 and 5, which present classical parametric methods and computer-intensive (Monte Carlo) resampling methods, respectively. This is one of few books to present these new, flexible resampling techniques in an accurate, accessible manner.Much of the book is devoted to research strategies and tactics, introducing new methods in the context of case studies. Chapter 6 covers performance assessment, chapter 7 shows how to identify interactions and dependencies among several factors that explain performance, and chapter 8 discusses predictive models of programs, including causal models. The final chapter asks what counts as a theory in AI, and how empirical methods—which deal with specific systems—can foster general theories.Mathematical details are confined to appendixes and no prior knowledge of statistics or probability theory is assumed. All of the examples can be analyzed by hand or with commercially available statistics packages.The Common Lisp Analytical Statistics Package (CLASP), developed in the author’s laboratory for Unix and Macintosh computers, is available from The MIT Press.A Bradford Book

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The Evolution of Cooperation

by Robert Axelrod

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Subject: Consensus (Social Sciences), Cooperativeness, Egoism, Prisoner's Dilemma Game,

The much-discussed book that explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egoists–whether superpowers, businesses, or individuals–when there is no central authority to police their actions.”A remarkable mixture of theoretical analysis, anecdotal evidence, and a most unusual mode of empirical research…In it he applies the prisoner’s dilemma to topics ranging from collusion among large corporations to U.S. involvement in Vietnam.”–James L. Gould and Carol Grant Gould, “Sciences” “A fascinating contribution to the theory of cooperation, and written in a clear, informal style that makes it a joy to read.” “–Times Literary Supplement (London)”

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Moral Relativism, Moral Diversity & Human Relationships

by James Kellenberger

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Subject: Ethical Relativism, Interpersonal Relations - Moral And Ethical Aspects,

“Kellenberger’s book is thoughtful, evocative, well researched, and informative. He has managed to pull together a notable range of examples to illustrate his thesis that a proper understanding of person-person relationships can untangle differences between relativists and antirelativists…. Examples include abortion, marital Fidelity, the distribution of justice, famine relief, genital mutilation–all sensitive to such non-Western cultures as tribal Africa, Buddhism, and Hinduism….This book should find its place in many courses in ethics, philosophy of social science, cultural theory, and other courses concerned with multicultural themes.”

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