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بایگانی‌های 543 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Reasons from Within

by Alan Goldman

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Subject: Desire, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / Movements / Humanism, Psychology / Emotions,

Do the reasons we have for acting as we do derive from our concerns and desires, or are there objective values in the world that we are rationally required to pursue and protect? Alan Goldman argues for the internalist or subjectivist view of practical reasons on the grounds that it is simpler, more unified, and more comprehensible than the rival objectivist position. He provides a naturalistic account of practical rationality in terms of coherence within sets of desires or motivational states, and between motivations, intentions, and actions. Coherence is defined as the avoidance of self-defeat, the defeat of one’s own deepest concerns. The demand for coherence underlies both practical and theoretical reason and derives from the natural aims of belief and action. In clarifying which desires create reasons, drawing on the literature of cognitive psychology, Goldman offers conceptual analyses of desires, emotions, and attitudes. Reasons are seen to derive ultimately from our deepest occurrent concerns. These concerns require no reasons themselves but provide reasons for many more superficial desires. In defense of this theory, Goldman argues that rational agents need not be morally motivated or concerned for their narrow self-interest. Objective values would demand such concern. They would be independent of our desires but would provide reasons for us to pursue and protect them. They would require rational agents to be motivated by them. But, Goldman argues, we are not motivated in that way, and it makes no sense to demand that our informed and coherent desires be generally other than they are. We need not appeal to such objective values in order to explain how our lives can be good and meaningful. Reasons from Within will appeal to anyone interested in the nature of values and reasons, particularly students of philosophy, psychology, and decision theory.

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The political economy of human rights enforcement

by Ivan Manokha

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Subject: Humanitarian Intervention,

In academic and non-academic debates the practice of human rights enforcement is usually reduced to the intentions, interests and capabilities of agents – particularly the United States and other Western states. Whether seen as a policy adopted to promote national interest or an imperialist device used by the West, the practice of human rights enforcement is discussed in isolation from the structure of the late-modern Global Political Economy. This book develops a structural approach to post-Cold war military humanitarianism and demonstrates the nature of reciprocal causal relations between the global capitalist economy and the practice of human rights enforcement. It provides an historical analysis of the notion of individual rights and their relationship with capitalism and demonstrates that today the actors engaged in human rights enforcement – whether for selfish or humanitarian reasons – unintentionally provide global capital with a Gramscian quality of moral leadership thereby contributing to its hegemony.

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Ethical Dilemmas in Pediatrics

by Lorry R. Frankel

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Subject: Medical,

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Practical philosophy

by Immanuel Kant

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Subject: Ethics, Modern, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Philosophy / General, Philosophy / History & Surveys / General,

This is the first English translation of all of Kant’s writings on moral and political philosophy collected in a single volume. No other collection competes with the comprehensiveness of this one. As well as Kant’s most famous moral and political writings, the Groundwork to the Metaphysics of Morals, the Critique of Practical Reason, the Metaphysics of Morals, and Toward Perpetual Peace, the volume includes shorter essays and reviews, some of which have never been translated before. There is also an English-German and German-English glossary of key terms.

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Exam Scams: Best Cheating Stories and Excuses from

by John Croucher

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Subject: Cheating (Education), Cheating (Education) - Case Studies,

— More than two-thirds of the student population admits to cheating on examsEveryone hates taking exams; and there are always a few bad seeds in every class who will try to avoid them at all costs. Exam Scams contains a myriad of cheating tips and excuses for skipping class on exam day. From underwear inspections to student riots, this uncovers the most ingenious and outrageous ways that students attempt to dodge exams, assist their memories during them, and explain poor marks after they’re all over. The old excuse that “the dog ate my notes” won’t cut it in today’s classrooms. Therefore, students must devise much more creative excuses and cheating methods. This book is filled with original deceits from students around the globe. Though none of these scams are guaranteed to work, Exam Scams is hilarious reading for any student who has taken an exam and for every teacher who has graded a paper.

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