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بایگانی‌های 39 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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Autobiography as philosophy

by Thomas Mathien

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Subject: Autobiography, Philosophers, Philosophers/ Biography/ History And Criticism, Philosophical Literature/ History And Criticism,

Since Plato a surprisingly large number of philosophers have chosen to write in the first person about their own lives either in works that were primarily autobiographical or in the context of other more conventionally written texts. These texts stand in marked contrast to the bulk of philosophical writing, particularly in the past century during which the discipline has become ever more professionalized and specialized. Instead of the common impersonal and argumentative forms of ordinary philosophic discussion, these autobiographical texts are deeply personal and largely narrative or explanatory. The contributors to this book examine the philosophical significance of philosophers’ autobiographies and whether or not there are broadly philosophical tasks for which this sort of writing is particularly suited. Autobiography as Philosophy contains a general discussion about the relation between philosophical and autobiographical writing, and essays on the specific writings of Augustine, Abelard, Montaigne,Descartes, Vico, Hume, Rousseau, Newman, Mill, Nietzsche, Collingwood and Russell by specialists on the works of these individuals. The book is original and distinctive in its efforts to think about the writings of historically recognized philosophers as communicative acts governed by their own distinctive interests and purposes. It is, therefore as much about the texts and the authors as about their doctrines and arguments. As a result the book steps back from many of the issues of substantive philosophical discussion to reflect on certain forms of writing as means to philosophical ends, to consider what those ends have included.

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Good Natured

by Frans B.M. de Waal

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Subject: Animal Behavior, Ethics, Evolutionary, Human Behavior,

To observe a dog’s guilty look.to witness a gorilla’s self-sacrifice for a wounded mate, to watch an elephant herd’s communal effort on behalf of a stranded calf–to catch animals in certain acts is to wonder what moves them. Might there he a code of ethics in the animal kingdom? Must an animal be human to he humane? In this provocative book, a renowned scientist takes on those who have declared ethics uniquely human Making a compelling case for a morality grounded in biology, he shows how ethical behavior is as much a matter of evolution as any other trait, in humans and animals alike.World famous for his brilliant descriptions of Machiavellian power plays among chimpanzees-the nastier side of animal life–Frans de Waal here contends that animals have a nice side as well. Making his case through vivid anecdotes drawn from his work with apes and monkeys and holstered by the intriguing, voluminous data from his and others’ ongoing research, de Waal shows us that many of the building blocks of morality are natural: they can he observed in other animals. Through his eyes, we see how not just primates but all kinds of animals, from marine mammals to dogs, respond to social rules, help each other, share food, resolve conflict to mutual satisfaction, even develop a crude sense of justice and fairness.Natural selection may be harsh, but it has produced highly successful species that survive through cooperation and mutual assistance. De Waal identifies this paradox as the key to an evolutionary account of morality, and demonstrates that human morality could never have developed without the foundation of fellow feeling our species shares with other animals. As his work makes clear, a morality grounded in biology leads to an entirely different conception of what it means to he human–and humane.

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Beyond Security, Ethics and Violence

by Burke Anthony

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Subject: National Security, National Security/ International Cooperation, Security, International,

When security is grounded in exclusion and alienation, ethics give license to killing and war, and freedom is a mask for imperial violence, how should we act? Security, Ethics & Violencesounds a warning; not only are global patterns of insecurity, violence and conflict getting ever more destructive and out of hand, but the ways we understand and respond to them will only prolong the crisis. In this book Anthony Burke critiques the fundamental categories of global political life, and then lights a path out. · Burke presents a ground-breaking analysis of the historical roots of sovereignty and security, his critique of just war theory, and offers important new essays on strategy, the concept of freedom and US exceptionalism. · This volume pursues searching critical engagements with thinkers such as Agamben, Hardt; Negri, Levinas, Clausewitz, Elshtain, Walzer, Foucault and Connolly. · Combining cutting-edge theoretical critique with analyses of the waron terror, Iraq, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, the Vietnam war, the Indonesian crisis, globalization and the new drive for empire, this is a book that refuses easy answers, or to abandon hope. This new text will be of key interest to students and researchers of Politics and International Relations, Security Studies, Social and Cultural Theory and Philosophy.

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Principles of Social Justice

by David Miller

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Subject: Equality, Law / Jurisprudence, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy, Social Justice,

Social justice has been the animating ideal of democratic governments throughout the twentieth century. Even those who oppose it recognize its potency. Yet the meaning of social justice remains obscure, and existing theories put forward by political philosophers to explain it have failed to capture the way people in general think about issues of social justice. This book develops a new theory. David Miller argues that principles of justice must be understood contextually, with each principle finding its natural home in a different form of human association. Because modern societies are complex, the theory of justice must be complex, too. The three primary components in Miller’s scheme are the principles of desert, need, and equality.The book uses empirical research to demonstrate the central role played by these principles in popular conceptions of justice. It then offers a close analysis of each concept, defending principles of desert and need against a range of critical attacks, and exploring instances when justice requires equal distribution and when it does not. Finally, it argues that social justice understood in this way remains a viable political ideal even in a world characterized by economic globalization and political multiculturalism. Accessibly written, and drawing upon the resources of both political philosophy and the social sciences, this book will appeal to readers with interest in public policy as well as to students of politics, philosophy, and sociology.

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Morality Within The Limits Of Reason

by Russell Hardin

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Subject: Ethics, Social Ethics, Utilitarianism,

This provocative, lucidly written reconstruction of utilitarianism focuses on the practical constraints involved in ethical choice: information may be inadequate, and understanding of causes and effects may be limited. Good decision making may be especially constrained if other people are closely involved in determining an outcome. Hardin demonstrates that many of these structural issues can and should be distinguished from the thornier problems of utilitarian value theory, and he is able to show what kinds of moral conclusions we can reach within the limits of reason.

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