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بایگانی‌های 3316 - خانه اخلاق پژوهان جوان
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The View From Nowhere

by Thomas Nagel

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Subject: Ethics, Mind And Body, Objectivity,

Human beings have the unique ability to view the world in a detached way: We can think about the world in terms that transcend our own experience or interest, and consider the world from a vantage point that is, in Nagel’s words, “nowhere in particular”. At the same time, each of us is a particular person in a particular place, each with his own “personal” view of the world, a view that we can recognize as just one aspect of the whole. How do we reconcile these two standpoints–intellectually, morally, and practically? To what extent are they irreconcilable and to what extent can they be integrated? Thomas Nagel’s ambitious and lively book tackles this fundamental issue, arguing that our divided nature is the root of a whole range of philosophical problems, touching, as it does, every aspect of human life. He deals with its manifestations in such fields of philosophy as: the mind-body problem, personal identity, knowledge and skepticism, thought and reality, free will, ethics, the relation between moral and other values, the meaning of life, and death. Excessive objectification has been a malady of recent analytic philosophy, claims Nagel, it has led to implausible forms of reductionism in the philosophy of mind and elsewhere. The solution is not to inhibit the objectifying impulse, but to insist that it learn to live alongside the internal perspectives that cannot be either discarded or objectified. Reconciliation between the two standpoints, in the end, is not always possible.

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WISE CHOICES, APT FEELINGS

by Allan Gibbard

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Subject: Ethics, Judgment (Ethics), Philosophy / Epistemology, Philosophy / Ethics & Moral Philosophy,

‘Choices can be wise or foolish, and feelings can be apt or off the mark.’ Since this is how we judge, it would be good to know what content these normative judgements carry. Gibbard offers an answer, and elaborates it. His theory explores what is at issue in narrowly moral questions, and in questions of rational thought and conduct in general. It helps to explain why normative thought and talk so pervade human life, and why our highly social species might have evolved to be gripped by these questions. Gibbard asks how, if his theory is right, we can interpret our normative puzzles, and thus proceed toward finding answers to them. Not available from OUP in the USA, Canada, Japan or the Phillippines.

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IMPARTIAL SPECTATOR

by D.D. Raphael

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Subject: Business & Economics / Economic History, Business & Economics / Economics / Theory, Ethics, Modern/ 18th Century, Philosophy / General,

D. D. Raphael provides a critical account of the moral philosophy of Adam Smith, presented in his first book, The Theory of Moral Sentiments. Whilst it does not have the same prominence in its field as his work on economics, The Wealth of Nations, Smith’s writing on ethics is of continuing importance and interest today, especially for its theory of conscience. Smith sees the origin of conscience in the sympathetic and antipathetic feelings of spectators. As spectators of the actions of other people, we can imagine how we would feel in their situation. If we would share their motives, we approve of their action. If not, we disapprove. When we ourselves take an action, we know from experience what spectators would feel, approval or disapproval. That knowledge forms conscience, an imagined impartial spectator who tells us whether an action is right or wrong. In describing the content of moral judgment, Smith is much influenced by Stoic ethics, with an emphasis on self-command, but he voices criticism as well as praise. His own position is a combination of Stoic and Christian values. There is a substantial difference between the first five editions of the Moral Sentiments and the sixth. Failure to take account of this has led some commentators to mistaken views about the supposed youthful idealism of the Moral Sentiments as contrasted with the mature realism of The Wealth of Nations. A further source of error has been the supposition that Smith treats sympathy as the motive of moral action, as contrasted with the supposedly universal motive of self-interest in The Wealth of Nations.

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Therapist’s Encounters with Revenge and Forgiveness

by Mary Sherrill Durham

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Subject: Forgiveness, Psychotherapy, Revenge,

Explores concepts of vengeance, revenge fantasies, and the granting or withholding of forgiveness as they are manifested to the therapist during treatment. Argues that revenge is usually expressed in one of two ways, and categorizes patients into two archetypes: the Exploited- Repressive Individual and the Vindictive Character. Includes separate chapters on revenge and forgiveness as they are expressed by children and adolescents, and by offenders.

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The MacIntyre Reader

by Alasdair C. MacIntyre

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Subject: Ethics, Philosophy And Social Sciences,

Alasdair MacIntyre is one of the most controversial philosophers and social theorists of our time. He opposes liberalism and postmodernism with the teleological arguments of an updated Thomistic Aristotelianism. It is this tradition, he claims, which presents the best theory so far about the nature of rationality, morality and politics. This is the first Reader of MacIntyre’s work.

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