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This important book brings recent findings and theories in biology and psychology to bear on the fundamental question in ethics of what it means to behave morally. By presenting a complete model of moral agency based on contemporary evolutionary theory, developmental biology and psychology, and social cognitive theory, the book offers a unique perspective. It will be read with profit by a broad range of philosophers, as well as psychologists and biologists.
Moral problems do not always come in the form of great social controversies. More often, the moral decisions we make are made quietly, constantly, and within the context of everyday activities and quotidian dilemmas. Indeed, these smaller decisions are based on a moral foundation that few of us ever stop to think about but which guides our every action. Here distinguished philosopher Bernard Gert presents a clear and concise introduction to what he calls “common morality” — the moral system that most thoughtful people implicitly use when making everyday, common sense moral decisions and judgments. Common Morality is useful in that — while not resolving every disagreement on controversial issues — it is able to distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable answers to moral problems. In the first part of the book Gert lays out the fundamental features of common morality: moral rules, moral ideals, and a two-step procedure for determining when a violation of a moral rule is justified. Written in a non-technical style, the ten general moral rules include rules on which everyone can agree, such as “do not kill,” “do not deceive,” and “keep your promises.” The moral ideals include similarly uncontroversial precepts such as “Relieve pain” and “Aid the needy.” In the second part of the book Gert examines the underlying concepts that justify common morality, such as the notions of rationality and impartiality. The distillation of over 40 years of scholarship, this book is the most accessible version of Gert’s influential theory of morality as well as an eye-opening look at the moral foundations of our everyday actions. Throughout the discussion is clear enough for a reader with little or no philosophy background.
This book provides a comprehensive collection of influential essays that present a balanced survey of the major ideas that have come out of this area of study in the last two decades. Each article has been carefully chosen to enable any student of political philosophy to grasp the main debates within the topic. Clearly divided into two parts, Part One deals with fundamental philosophical issues: the nature of social explanation; distributive justice and liberalism and communitarianism. Part Two contains seminal papers in more specific areas: citizenship and multiculturalism; nationalism; democracy and criminal justice. Readings from the following thinkers are included: Lukes, Nozick, Rawls, Parekh, Walzer, Elster, Frankfurt, Gutmann, Barry, Duff, Cohen, Parfit, Taylor, Scruton, von Hirsch, Wright, Sandel, Young, MacIntyre. The readings represent a range of views and demonstrate the richness of the philosophical contribution to political thought. Each section has an introduction by theeditors that situates the papers in the ongoing debate and Further Reading sections feature at the end of each chapter.
Although much human action serves as proof that irrational behavior is remarkably common, certain forms of irrationality–most notably, incontinent action and self-deception–pose such difficult theoretical problems that philosophers have rejected them as logically or psychologically impossible. Here, Mele shows that, and how, incontinent action and self-deception are indeed possible. Drawing upon recent experimental work in the psychology of action and inference, he advances naturalized explanations of akratic action and self-deception while resolving the paradoxes around which the philosophical literature revolves. In addition, he defends an account of self-control, argues that “strict” akratic action is an insurmountable obstacle for traditional belief-desire models of action-explanation, and explains how a considerably modified model accommodates action of this sort.
Ranging over central issues of morals and politics and the nature of freedom and authority, this study examines the role of value-neutrality, rights, equality, and the prevention of harm in the liberal tradition, and relates them to fundamental moral questions such as the relation of values to social forms, the comparability of values, and the significance of personal commitments.
ما از اخلاق چه انتظاری داریم؟ این سوال شاید تاحدودی برای عموم مردم و یا متخصصان این رشته قابل پاسخ باشد؛ اینکه خوب بودن را به ما بیاموزد و در تنظیم روابط فردی م...
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